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A&P I
Special senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory information comes in what 6 forms: | touch, taste, hearing, vision,smell & equilibrium |
| _________ _________ is an area of sensitive ends of receptors: | Receptive field |
| The receptive field has a ________ relationship between the field size and the ability to identify the location: | Inverse |
| In a small receptive field size ________ location can be determined easily: | Precise |
| What are the four types of receptor distribution: | -General sense receptors -Somatic sensory receptors -Visceral sensory receptors -Special sensory receptors |
| _________ are distributed throughout the body, located in skin and internal organs and are typically simple in structure: | General sensory receptors |
| Somatic and visceral sensory receptors are subtypes of what primary sensory receptor: | General |
| _________ sensory receptors are housed in the skin, joints, muscles and tendons and can detect pressure, pain, vibration and stretch: | Somatic |
| _________ sensory receptors are located in the walls of viscera and respond to temperature, chemicals, stretch and pain: | Visceral |
| ___________ sensory receptors are located in the brain, they are complex sense organs and are considered the five special senses: | Special |
| Special sensory receptors control what five things: | -Gustation -Olfaction -Vision -Hearing -Equilibrium |
| __________ are neurons that detect specific chemicals: | Chemoreceptors |
| ________ initiate nerve signals: | Chemoreceptors |
| In what type of receptor are substances dissolved in aqueous environment around the receptor: | Chemoreceptors |
| ________ is the sense of smell: | Olfaction |
| ________ receptors sample the environment for information about food, people, etc: | Olfaction |
| Olfaction senses are _____ developed in humans than many other animals: | Less |
| Olfactory organs are ______: | Organs of smell |
| ________ ______ lines superior region of the nasal cavity: | Olfactory epithelium |
| ________ detect odors: | Olfactory receptor cells |
| _________ cells sustain receptors: | Supporting |
| _______ cells replace olfactory receptor cells every 40 to 60 days: | Basal |
| __________ are the primary neuron in sensory pathway for smell, they are bipolar with single dendrite and unmyelinated axons: | Olfactory receptor cells |
| ________ are unmyelinated extensions of the dendrites: | Olfactory hairs |
| _________ houses receptor proteins for detecting specific odorant molecules: | Olfactory hairs |
| _______ _______ are formed from bundles of axons of the olfactory cells: | Olfactory nerves |
| _________ projects through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and enter the olfactory bulbs: | Olfactory nerves |
| _________ _________ helps facilitate mixing of air in superior nasal cavity and diffuses odor molecules into mucous layer: | Deep breathing |
| ___________ are soluble proteins within mucous, they display an affinity for variety of odorants: | Odorant-binding proteins |
| ________ assist in concentration of odorants to olfactory hair receptors: | Odorant-binding proteins |
| In what order does the detection of smell occur: | -Action potential propagated -Release of neurotransmitter -Propagate signals -sensory info reaches destination |
| Sensory info sent to the _________ allows for conscious smell: | Cerebral cortex |
| Sensory info sent to the __________ controls visceral reactions: | Hypothalamus |
| Sensory info sent to the ___________ is responsible for odor recognition and emotional association: | Amygdala |
| ________ is referred to as the sense of taste: | Gustation |
| Taste receptors are located in _________: | Taste buds |
| The process of gustation involves what two types of receptors: | Mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors |
| Mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors provide info about _________: | Texture and temperature |
| _________ are epithelial and connective tissue elevations located on the dorsal side of tongue: | Papillae |
| What are the three types of papillae located on the tongue: | -Filiform -Fungiform -Vallate -Foliate |
| __________ papillae are short and spiked: | Filiform |
| _________ papillae are located on the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue: | Filiform |
| ________ papillae do not contain taste buds: | Filiform |
| _________ papillae are responsible for manipulating food and detecting texture: | Filiform |
| ________ are block like projections on the tip and sides of the tongue and contain only a few taste buds: | Fungiform |
| _________ papillae are the least numerous, but are the largest type of papillae on the tongue: | Vallate |
| Most taste buds are housed in __________: | Vallate papillae |
| ________ papillae are not well developed in humans: | Folliate |
| ________ papillae contain taste buds only in early childhood: | Folliate |
| __________ papillae extend as ridges on the posterior lateral tongue: | Folliate |
| __________ have the appearance of an onion, contain numerous taste receptors, called gustatory cells: | Taste buds |
| __________ have a 7 to 10 day life span: | Gustatory cells |
| Basal cells are responsible for _________: | Replacing gustatory cells |
| Sense of taste diminishes after age ___ due to a reduction in the replacement of gustatory cells: | 50 |
| Neuroepithelial cells are also known as _________: | Chemoreceptors |
| The | |
| The opening of the taste bud is called ______ _______: | Taste pore |
| The receptive portion of a chemoreceptor is the _______ ______: | Taste pore |
| ________ are taste producing molecules in food: | Tastants |
| _________ dissolve in saliva and stimulate gustatory receptors through taste pores: | Tastants |
| The five basic taste sensations are: | -Sweet -Salt -Sour -Bitter -Umami |
| The sensation of _____ tastes are produced by organic compounds: | Sweet |
| The sensation of ______ tastes are produced by metal ions: | Salt |
| The sensation of ________ tastes are associated with acids: | Sour |
| The sensation of _____ tastes are produced by alkaloids: | Bitter |
| Taste related to amino acids to produce meaty flavor: | Umami |
| _______ ________ help us form specific detailed visual images of objects: | Visual stimuli |
| ________ are used to detect light, color, movement: | Photoreceptors |
| _________ ________ are accessory structures of the eye: | Visual receptors |
| List the three external accessory structures: | -Eyebrows -Eyelashes -Eyelids |
| The ________ are made up of specialized stratified squamous epithelium: | Conjunctiva |
| __________ is the continuous lining over the external anterior eye: | Ocular Conjunctiva |
| __________ cells lubricate and moisten the eye: | Goblet |
| The _________ is an avascular portion of the eye: | Sclera |
| The conjunctiva contains ________ nerve endings: | Many |
| __________ ________ produces, drains and collects lacrimal fluid from eye: | Lacrimal apparatus |
| ___________ ________ lubricates, cleanses and moistens the anterior surface of eye, reduces friction from eyelid movement, prevents bacterial infection: | Lacrimal apparatus |
| The lacrimal apparatus produces an antibacterial enzyme called, _______: | Lysozyme |
| ________ continuously produces lacrimal fluid: | Lacrimal gland |
| The opening of the lacrimal ducts on the medial portion of the eye: | Lacrimal caruncle |
| Steps of lacrimal apparatus function: | -lacrimal fluid is produced -Lacrimal fluid is dispersed -Fluid enters the puncta, drains to canaliculi -Fluid collects in sac, then drains to nasolacrimal duct, then to nasal cavity |
| __________ cushions the posterior and lateral eye and provides support and protection: | Orbital fat |
| The three principle layers of the internal eye: | -Fibrous tunic -Vascular tunic -Retina |
| The interior of the eye contains _____ cavities of fluid: | 2 |
| What separates the two fluid filled cavities of the interior eye: | Lens |
| _________ is the external layer of the eye wall: | Fibrous tunic |
| The fibrous tunic is composed of ________ ______ and _________ ________: | Posterior sclera/anterior cornea |
| _________ is composed of connective tissue, provides eye shape, protects internal components and is the attachment point for extrinsic eye muscles: | Sclera |
| ________ is known as the "whites" of the eyes: | Sclera |
| ______ is a convex transparent structure and forms the anterior 1/6th of the fibrous tunic: | Cornea |
| _________ contains no blood vessels: | Cornea |
| The external epithelium of the cornea receives nutrients and oxygen from ________ : | Lacrimal gland fluid |
| The internal epithelium of the cornea receives nutrients and gases from _______: | Fluid in the anterior chamber |
| The ________ convex shape refracts light rays into the eye: | Cornea |
| The vascular tunic contains what three regions: | -Choroids -Ciliary body -Iris |
| ________ makes up the middle layer of eye wall, also called uvea: | Vascular tunic |
| ________ is the most extensive posterior region, housing capillaries supporting the retina: | Choroid |
| __________ contains cells filled with pigment from melanocytes: | Choroid |
| The pigment absorbs ________: | Extraneous light |
| _______ is immediately anterior to the choroid: | Ciliary body |
| The ciliary body contains ________ & __________: | Ciliary muscles and ciliary processes |
| The ________ ______ adjusts tension on ligaments which alter the shape of the lens: | Ciliary muscles |
| ________ contain capillaries that secrete aqueous humor | Ciliary processes |
| The most anterior region of the internal eye is _________: | Iris |
| The _________ is composed of two layers of pigment forming cells, two groups of smooth muscle fibers and vascular and nervous structures: | Iris |
| The peripheral edge of the iris is continuous with ________ ______: | Ciliary body |
| Pupil size is controlled by _________: | 2 smooth muscle layers |
| ________ controls the amount of light entering the eye: | Pupil |
| ________ layer(s) contract at a time: | one |
| _________ ________ resembles concentric circles: | Sphincter pupillae muscle |
| ___________ is under the control of parasympathetic division via CN III and constricts the pupil in response to light: | Sphincter pupillae muscle |
| _______ is organized in a radial pattern: | Dilator pupillae muscle |
| __________ is controlled by sympathetic division of the ANS to dilate and contracts when stimulated by low light level: | Dilator pupillae muscle |
| _______ is the internal layer of the eye wall: | Retina |
| ________ is composed of an outer pigmented layer and inner neural layer: | Retina |
| The pigmented layer of the retina is internal to the _________ and attaches to it: | Retina |
| _________ provides vitamin A for photoreceptors, light rays pass through the inner layer and are absorbed there: | Pigmented layer of retina |
| The __________ layer of the retina houses photoreceptors and associated neurons, it is responsible for absorbing light rays and converting them to nerve signals that are sent to the brain: | Inner neural layer |
| The inner neural layer of the retina is composed of three cell layers: | -Outermost neural layer -Middle neural layer -Innermost neural layer |
| The _________ neural layer is composed of photoreceptors (rods & cones) that contain pigment molecules that react to light: | Outermost |
| The _________ neural layer is a layer of bipolar cells, with rods and cones synapsing on these dendrites: | Middle |
| In the ________ neural layer there is a convergance of visual signals from multiple photoreceptors: | Middle |
| The ________ neural layer is formed by ganglionic cells with a continued convergance of bipolar neurons, axons extend from here through optic disk: | Innermost |
| ________ ______ contains no photoreceptors where the ganglion axons exit toward the brain, it is commoly referred to as the blind spot: | Optic disc |
| _______ _____ is a rounded, yellowish region lateral to the optic disc, it contains the fovea centralis: | Macula lutea |
| The fovea centralis contains a ________ percentage of ______ and a _______ percentage of _______: | Higher-cones Lower-rods |
| The area with the highest visual acuity is ________: | Fovea centralis |
| _______ is the strongest deformable transparent structure in the eye: | Lens |
| The lens is bound by a ______ _______ capsule: | Fibrous elastic |
| _______ is composed of precisely arranged layers of cells that have lost their organelles and are filled completely with crystallin protein: | Lens |
| _________ focusing incoming light onto the retina: | Lens |
| The ______ of the lens determines the degree of light refraction: | Shape |
| ________ _______ transmit tension enabling lens to change shape of lens: | Suspensory ligaments |
| ________ _______ cause the tension: | Ciliary muscles |
| When relaxed, ciliary body is moved _________ and the tension of the suspensory ligaments __________: | posteriorly, increases |
| When tension of suspensory ligaments increases the lens _________: | Flattens |
| When the lens flattens it allows visualization of __________: | distant objects |
| The posterior cavity of the eye extends from which two structures: | lens posteriorly to anterior of retina |
| The posterior cavity contains ________: | Vitreous humor |
| ________ ______ is a transparent, gelatinous fluid that maintains eye shape and supports retina: | Vitreous humor |
| Vitreous humor helps transmit light from ______ to ________: | Lens to retina |
| The anterior cavity of the eye extends from which two structures: | Anterior lens to posterior cornea |
| The anterior cavity is subdivided into ________: | Anterior and posterior chambers |
| The anterior chamber extends between _______ and ________: | Iris, cornea |
| The posterior chamber extends between ______ and _______: | lens, iris |
| The fluid contained in the anterior chamber is called __________: | Aqueous humor |
| ___________ is a filtrate of blood plasma that resembles CSF: | Aqueous humor |
| ___________ produced by the ciliary processes, secreted into the posterior chamber and flows through the pupil to the anterior chamber: | Aqueous humor |
| _______ are the most numerous type of photoreceptor: | Rods |
| _________ are located primarily in the peripheral cavities of the neural layer: | Rods |
| Rods are used for _______ vision: | Night |
| The rods detect _________ better but ________ worse: | Motion, sharpness |
| Rods can not distinguish ________: | color |
| ________ are activated by high intensity light: | Cones |
| The cones provide visual _________ and ________ recognition: | Sharpness, color |
| Cones are primarily located in the _________: | Fovea centralis |
| __________ is formed by converged ganglionic axons, project from each eye, converge at optic chiasm anterior to pituitary gland: | Optic nerve |
| In the _______ _____ medial axons cross to opposite sides of the brain, while the lateral region remains on the same side: | Optic nerve |
| _______ _____ extend laterally from optic chiasm: | Optic tracts |
| _______ _______ are a composite of axons originating from both eyes: | Optic tracts |
Created by:
akhernandez19