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A131 Final
Positioning Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which body plane divides the body into right and left segments? | Sagittal plane |
| Which anatomic term describes the palm of the hand? | Palmar |
| Bending of the elbow is referred to as: | Flexion |
| The term projection is defined as the: | Path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and passes through the patient |
| The name of the radiographic position in which the patient s right side is placed against the image receptor and the CR enters the left side of the body is the: | Right lateral position |
| The name of the radiographic projection in which the central ray enters the medial aspect of the knee and exits the lateral aspect is: | Mediolateral |
| Which two conditions must be met for a decubitus position? | The patient must be lying down, and a horizontal x-ray beam is utilized. |
| The name of the projection in which the central ray enters the top of the foot and exits the bottom of the foot is: | Dorsoplantar |
| Which term has the opposite meaning of extension? | Flexion |
| What is an LPO view | left posterior oblique (left angled to film) |
| What is an AP projection | antero-posterior, where central ray enters the anterior side and exits the posterior side |
| What is an RAO view | right anterior oblique (right angled to film) |
| Contrast is primarily controlled by | kVp |
| lying on a lateral side with tube in horizontal position is what view | Decubitus |
| opposite in meaning to caudad | Cephalad |
| The term projection is defined as: | The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient |
| What is the Trendelenburg position | a position in which a patient lies face upward on a tilted table or bed with the pelvis higher than the head. |
| Rationale for taking a minimum of two projections of body parts such as the chest include what 3 factors? | 1. Visualization of overlapping structures 2. Localization of foreign objects 3. Evaluation of fracture alignment |
| The term for lifting, raising, or moving of a part superiorly is: | Elevation |
| The opposite term for supination is: | pronation |
| Which of the following positions is often used to insert a rectal enema tip prior to a barium enema study? | Modified Sim’s |
| Movement of a body part toward the central axis of the body is termed: | Adduction |
| What is the minimum number of projections that should be taken of the ankle and wrist joints? | 3 |
| The radiographic position in which the patient is turned 90° from an AP projection with the left side of the body placed against the image receptor (IR) is the: | Left lateral |
| Which term is the opposite in meaning to proximal? | Distal |
| Topographic landmarks used to position for chest radiography include what 3 landmarks? | 1. Iliac crest 2. Jugular notch 3. Vertebra prominence |
| Which structure must be demonstrated on a KUB projection? | Symphysis pubis |
| Aspirated objects are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus because it is: | Wider and more vertical |
| Which consideration must be met for any decubitus chest projections? | The CR must be horizontal and parallel to the floor. |
| What is the optimal amount of time a patient should lie on their side prior to a left lateral decubitus projection for the abdomen? | 10 to 20 minutes |
| An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity is termed: | Pleural effusion |
| Which projection is performed to demonstrate free air or gas in the abdominal cavity when the patient is unable to stand? | Left lateral decubitus |
| Supine abdomen projections should be exposed on: | Expiration |
| What is the typical kV range for an adult PA chest study with a moving or stationary grid? | 110 to 125 kV |
| Chest radiographs should exhibit: | Low contrast with many shades of gray |
| Where is the CR directed for a supine AP projection of the abdomen? | Iliac crest |
| Voluntary motion can - 1. result from patient breathing. 2. be controlled by using a short exposure time. 3. result from peristaltic activity. 4. be identified as sharp bony cortices and blurry gastric and intestinal gases. | 1 and 2 only |
| On inhalation the lungs expand - 1. vertically. 2. transversely. 3. anteroposteriorly. | 1, 2, and 3 |
| For a PA chest projection with accurate positioning, the - 1.SID is set at 72 in. 2. shoulders are positioned at equal distances from the IR. 3. upper midcoronal plane is tilted slightly toward the IR. 4. elbows and shoulders are rotated posteriorly | 1 and 2 only |
| 4 an upright AP abdomen projt., the- 1.CR is 2 in above iliac crest 2.pat. remains in an upright position at least 5 to 20 min. B4 the image is obtained. 3.symphysis pubis should be included. 4.patient is instructed to take a deep breath b4 the image. | 1 and 2 only |
| Accumulation of air in the pleura cavity is known as: | Pneumothorax |
| Characteristics of a properly positioned PA projection of the chest include: 1. Chin above the chest 2. Clavicles above the apices 3. Sternal ends of the clavicles equidistant from midline | 1 and 3 only |
| How many posterior ribs must be visible above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA chest projection? | 10 |
| The CR and IR are lowered at least 1 inch from the PA for the lateral to prevent cutoff of costophrenic angles because of | divergence of the beam |
| The standard SID for a PA chest is how many inches? | 72 inches |
| This PA chest projection radiograph reveals that the sternoclavicular joints (clavicle heads) are not equal distance from the spine. What specific positioning correction is required? | Have patient rotate left shoulder closer to the IR. |
| The structures within the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs are called: | alveoli |
| The term projection is defined as: | The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient |
| What is the minimum amount of time a patient must remain in the decubitus position for a chest x-ray prior to exposure? | 5 minutes |
| Why is it important to perform the PA projection rather than the AP for a routine chest study? | PA position will reduce heart magnification. |
| Which one of the following positioning considerations is most important in demonstrating air/fluid levels in the thorax during chest radiography? | Patient in upright position |
| Which one of the following positioning considerations is most important in removing the scapula from the field of view? | Shoulders rolled forward |
| Why is it important to perform an erect left lateral rather than the erect right lateral position as part of the routine chest study? | Reduces magnification of the heart |
| What is the recommended kV range for an abdomen projection? | 70 to 80 kV |
| What are two prerequisites are required by the technologists for pediatric imaging? 1. Preparation of the room 2. Attitude and Approach 3. Being a pet owner 4. Being a parent | 1 and 2 |
| Whats the difference between the left and right primary bronchus? | Right primary bronchus is wider and shorter that the left and also more vertical. Food is more likely to lodge in the right bronchus. |
| Whats the SID for PA chest? | 72" |
| How much do you angle the tube for an AP oblique foot? | None, foot is angled 30-40 degree medially |
| How many bones in the foot? | 26 |
| Whats the largest and strongest tarsal bone? | Calcaneus |
| Whats the longest bone in the body? | Femur |
| Whats the CR angle for a calcaneus? | 40 degrees cephalad |
| How much do you flex for a lateral knee? | 20-30 |
| Where do you center for a hand? PA, oblique ? | PA-third MCP joint, oblique-third MCP |
| Where do you center for lateral a hand? | second MCP joint |
| What view is the olecranon process in profile? | Lateral elbow |
| What does an AP shoulder demonstrate when the humeral epicondyles are parallel to the IR? | External rotation of arm which shows relationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavity. |
| How can we free the radial head from superimpositioning the ulna? | Externally rotate arm |
| Know the difference between a male and female pelvis. | A shorter, broader pelvis in females, while a male pelvis' bones are taller, heavier, and thicker with more prominent bone markings. A females pelvis has a wider and shallower profile of bones which are lighter and less dense. |
| How much is the femoral neck angled from the body of the femur anteriorly? | 15-20 degrees anterior angle |
| What does the humeral head articulate with? | Scapula at scapulohumeral joint (glenohumeral) |
| Where do you center for an AP shoulder | 1” inferior to coracoid process |
| Whats the bifurcation point of the trachea called? | carina |
| How much do you angle for a lateral knee? | Angle CR 5-7 cephalad |
| What deviation do we use for a PA scaphoid? | Ulnar |
| What view shows the scapulahumeral joint space? | Grashey Method |
| Where do we center for a pelvis? | Midway between the ASIS and symphysis pubis |
| On an abdomen image To include the diaphragm, you should center the IR __________ above the iliac crests. | 2 in |
| Which rotation represents a true AP projection of the humerus in the anatomic position, as deter- mined by the epicondyles of the distal humerus. | external rotation |
| In this rotation position, the hand and arm are rotated internally until the epicondyles of the distal humerus are perpendicular to the iR, placing the humerus in a true lateral position. | internal rotation |
| This rotation is appropriate for a trauma patient when rotation of the part is unacceptable. The epicondyles of the distal humerus appear at an approximate 45 ° angle to the IR. | neutral rotaion |
| The right lung: A. has two lobes separated by a single fissure. B. has three lobes separated by two fissures. C. has the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. D. has a superior and an inferior lobe. | B. has three lobes separated by two fissures. C. has the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. |
| Which joints make up the knee? A. the distal femorotibial joint. B. the proximal femorotibial joint. C. the patellofemoral joint. D. A and C. E. B and C. | D. A and C |
| The shoulder girdle is made up of: A. the clavicle and the humerus. B. the sternum and the clavicle. C. the humerus and the scapula. D. the clavicle and the scapula. | D. the clavicle and the scapula. |
| Which one of the following hip projections is most recommended first for a patient with a possible hip fracture? A. Modified Cleaves Method B. Danelius-Miller Method C. AP Unilateral Hip D. Clements- Nakayama Method | C. AP Unilateral Hip |
| Which of the following would be demonstrated of a properly positioned lateral projection of the forearm?? A.Olecranon process in profile B.Elbow in 45 degree flexion C.Superimposition of distal radius and ulna | A and C |
| Where is the CR centered for an AP knee? A. Centered on the intercondylar eminence B. 1 inch proximal to the base patella C. ½ inch distal to apex of patella | C. ½ inch distal to apex of patella |
| What is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleura space of the lungs? A. Pleura effusion B. Pleurisy C. Pneumonia | A. Pleura effusion |
| The coronoid is seen in what image? A. Foot B. Elbow C. Shoulder | B. Elbow |
| Where do you center CR for a LATERAL-MEDIOLATERAL Calcaneus | directed to a point 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus |
| For oblique Toe which direction do you rotate the toes | medially for the first, second, and third digits and laterally for the fourth and fifth digits. |
| The Merchant (tangential) knee position is ____ projection. a. a inferosuperior b. a superoinferior c. a mediolateral d. a lateromedial | b. a superoinferior |
| Which projection is performed to demonstrate free air or gas in the abdominal cavity when the patient is unable to stand? a. AP Supine abdomen b. Left lateral decubitus c .PA Dorsal Abdomen d. LPO Abdomen | Left lateral decubitus |
| Patients left hemidiaphragm is superior to the right one in a lat.chest x-ray. To correct this you would: | a.Move the patient’s hips away from the IR (to make them parallel with the IR) because their left side is too close |
| An accurate image of a lateral knee with optimal positioning demonstrates: 1.Superimposed femoral condyles 2.The medial codyle in profile 3.A close femorotibial joint space 4.One fourth of the distal femur and proximal lower leg | 1 and 4 |
| In an accurately positioned Carpal Canal image, criteria for positioning would include: | 2.The wrist is dosiflexed until the long the long axis of the metacarpals are close to vertical while the wrist is in contact with the IR 3.The carpal canal is at the center of the exposure field 4.Angle CR 25-30° to the long axis of the hand |
| For upper extremities, the Fan position is used for the following exams: 1. Lateral wrist 2. Oblique thumb 3. Lateral hand 4. Lateral forearm | 3. Lateral hand |
| For AP Oblique Pelvis (Modified Cleaves) with accurate positioning, the following criteria are necessary: | 1.CR is directed to a point 3in below level of ASIS 2.The lesser trochanters are in profile medially, and the femoral necks are superimposed over the adjacent greater trochanter 4.Abduct femoral shafts to a 45° angle from vertical |
| 1. Visualization of free intraperitoneal air trapped under the diaphragm is best demonstrated by what view? a. AP abdomen (KUB) b. PA chest (erect) c. AP lateral decubitus chest d. AP lateral decubitus abdomen | b. PA chest (erect) |
| Which anatomy is demonstrated with the inferosuperior axial proj. (Lawrence method)? [1] Proximal humerus [2] Greater tubercle of humerus [3] Lessor tubercle of humerus [4] Glenoid fossa a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 1, 2, and 4 d. 1, 3, and 4 | d. 1, 3, and 4 |
| What posit. error is present when the right iliac wing is elongated on an AP pelvis a.Hips rotated towards the R side b.Hips rotated towards the L side c.Feet not internally rotated 15-20 deg d.CR not centered midway between ASIS & symphyis pubis | a.Hips rotated towards the right side |
| In an AP toe projection if The phalanges demonstrate greater soft tissue width and midshaft concavity on the lateral surface. The toe and foot were .... a. medially rotated b. Laterally rotated c. parallel with the IR | a. medially rotated |
| In the Grashey method position, how much should the patient be rotated towards the affected shoulder? a. approximately 10 to 15 degrees b. approximately 35 to 45 degrees c. approximately 60 to 70 degrees | b. approximately 35 to 45 degrees |
| What position rotates the radius away from the ulna, demonstrating it without superimposition? a. Internal oblique elbow b. external oblique elbow c. distal forearm | b. external oblique elbow |
| What is the difference between the left & right primary bronchi? a.The left primary bronchus is wider & shorter b.The right primary bronchus is wider & shorter c.The bronchi are approximately the same, but the left bronchus is more vertical | b.The right primary bronchus is wider and shorter |
| On a lateral-mediolateral knee projection, what is proper imaging criteria? a. CR is perpendicular to the IR b. CR is angled 5-7° caudad c. CR is angled 5-7° cephalad d. CR is directed 1 inch superior to the medial epicondyle | c. CR is angled 5-7° cephalad |
| Which set of guidelines are correct for an AP projt. of bilateral AC joints? a. 14x17 IR, SID ≥ 72”, CR angled 15-30° cephalad, CR directed 1” above jug. notch b. 14x17 IR, SID ≥ 72”, CR perp. to IR, CR directed 1” above jug. notch | 14x17 IR, SID ≥ 72”, CR perp. to IR, CR directed 1” above jug. notch |
| A properly positioned lateral knee includes 1) medial and lateral femoral condyles superimposed, 2) open knee joints space, 3) tibia partially superimposed over fibular head, 4) closed patellofemoral joint. | 1, 2, & 3 |
| A left lateral chest x-ray is performed because: A. it reduces magnification of the heart. B. it increases magnification of the heart. C. The left lung is larger D. The left lung is more likely to have a pneumothorax | A. it reduces magnification of the heart. |
| One way of distinguishing the medial condyle from the lateral condyle of the femur is to identify the ___________ on the medial condyle. A. Articular capsule B. Adductor tubercle C. Abductor tubercle D. Conductor tubercle | B. Adductor tubercle |
| Which of the following is not a location of a sesamoid bone: 1. Anterior surface of the distal humerus 2. Interphalangeal joint of the thumb 3. Distal end of the femur 4. Base of the MTP joint on the 1st digit | 1. Anterior surface of the distal humerus |
| Which part of the foot is a common site for fractures? 1. Calcaneus 2. Navicular 3. Base of the 5th Metatarsal 4. Distal phalanx of the 1st digit | 3. Base of the 5th Metatarsal |
| What is the angle of the CR for an ulnar deviation of the wrist? a. 5-10 ° b. 10-15 ° c. 15-25 ° d. 40-45 ° | b. 10-15 ° |
| For an AP projection of a scapula, what IR orientation should be used? a. 8x10 crosswise b. 8x10 lengthwise c. 10x12 crosswise d. 10x12 lengthwise | d. 10x12 lengthwise |
| What is the largest division of a hip bone? a. Aceteabulum b. Ischium c. Ala d. Ilium | d. Ilium |
| The talus articulates with the: Calcaneus Fibula Tibia | 1, 2, and 3 |
| For a mortise projection of the ankle, the lower limb is rotated: | 15° to 20° medially |
| The iliac crest lies between the: | Anterior superior and posterior superior iliac spines |
| The IR size and orientation for an axiolateral inferosuperior projection (Danelius-Miller method) of the hip joint is: | 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) placed crosswise |
| A lateral knee image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1. superimposed femoral condyles 2. the fibular head without tibial superimposition 3. an open femorotibial joint space 4. one fourth of the distal femur and proximal lower leg | 1, 3, and 4 only |
| For a lateral ankle image, the: 1. medial and lateral malleoli are superimposed 2. lateral foot surface is aligned parallel with the IR 3. lower leg is parallel with the imaging table 4. central ray is centered to the medial malleolus | 2, 3, and 4 only |
| How far is the thigh abducted (minimum) for the AP modified Cleaves method? | 40 to 45 degrees from vertical |
| How much rotation of the foot is required for the AP oblique-medial rotation projection of the foot? | 30-40 degrees |
| The broad, curved aspect of the ilium is called the: | Ala |
| How much is the knee flexed for the lateral projection of the knee? | 30-40 degrees |
| How much rotation of the foot is required for the AP oblique-medial rotation projection of the foot? | 30-40 degrees |
| T/F - The male pelvis is more narrow and deeper as compared to the female pelvis. | True |
| The medial malleolus is an aspect of the: | Tibia |
| The process of flexing the foot and toes back toward the ankle is termed: | Dorsiflexion |
| The superior surface of the foot is termed: | Dorsal |
| The tangential (Merchant) knee position is a(n) ____ projection. | The tangential (Merchant) knee position is a(n) ____ projection. |
| What type of CR angle is required for an AP projection of the knee for a patient with an ASIS-to-table distance of 16 cm? | What type of CR angle is required for an AP projection of the knee for a patient with an ASIS-to-table distance of 16 cm? |
| Where is the IR centered for the AP projection of the pelvis? | here is the IR centered for the AP projection of the pelvis? |
| Where is the adductor tubercle located? | Posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle of the distal femur |
| Where should the central ray be centered for a dorsoplantar projection of the foot? | Base of the third metatarsal |
| Which one of the following hip projections is recommended for a patient with a possible hip fracture? | Which one of the following hip projections is recommended for a patient with a possible hip fracture? |
| Which one of the following landmarks cannot be palpated directly? | Lesser trochanter |
| For a mediolateral projection of the knee, the CR is directed: | 5° to 7° cephalad |
| An AP hip image with accurate positioning demonstrates the: 1. lesser trochanter in profile 2. greater trochanter in profile 3. femoral neck without foreshortening 4. sacrum rotated toward the affected hip | 2 and 3 only |
| When performing the mediolateral mid- and distal femur place the hip of the patient at cathode end of x-ray beam because | anode heel effect |
| The greater trochanter lies at approximately the same level as the: | symphysis pubis |
| AP oblique foot image w/accurate posit. shows: 1.open 1st & 2nd metatarsal joint spaces 2.open joint spaces around the cuboid 3.superimposition of the 4th & 5thmetatarsal 4.the long axis of the foot aligned with the long axis of the colimation feild | 2 and 4 only |
| Which of the following is true in a axial calcaneal imaging 1.shows an open talocalcaneal joint space 2.Foot is flexed 40 deg. 2the lower leg&rotated slightly lat. 3.A 40 degr. CR is directed prox. 4.The CR is centered to the distal 5th metatarsal | 1 and 3 only |
| For an AP ankle image, the: 1.Intermalleolar line is aligned 15-20 deg. angle w/IR 2.lat. malleolus is posit. more post. than the medial malleolus 3.Long axis of the foot is posit. perp. to the IR 4.CR is centered level of the medial malleolus | 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
| An optimal AP pelvis projection demonstrates 1. Sacrum & coccyx aligned with the symphysis pubis. 2. Ischial spines aligned with the pelvic brim. 3. a narrow right iliac wing and a wider left iliac wing. 4. a symmetrically appearing obturator foramen | 1,2, and 4 only |
| An optimal lateral knee projection demonstrates | superimposed femoral condyles. |
| Which aspect of the foot is placed parallel with the IR for a routine lateral foot projection? | Lateral |
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