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BIO 161 FINAL EXAM!!
BIO 161 FINAL EXAM INFO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which is not a propery of life | movement |
| all the organisms on your campus make up ? | a community |
| which is the correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal? | nervous system,brain,nerve tissue,nerve cell |
| in the binomial system of nomenclature,the first part of an organism's name designates the..? | genus |
| which is the correct sequence of levels of classification? | species,genus,family,order,class,phylum,kingdom |
| protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because? | bacterial cells lack a nucleus |
| A hypothesis in biology is best described as ? | a possible explanation of an observation |
| which best describes the logic of hypothesis-based science? | if my hypothesis is correct,i can expect certain test results |
| ideally,an experimental group differs from a control group..? | only with respect to the variable being studied |
| which applies to a neutron? | uncharges and located in the nucleus |
| an atom with 9 protons would have how many valence electrons? | 7 |
| which is true of an anionic atoms? | the atom has more electrons than protons |
| the atomic number of sulfur is 16 and it combines to make hydrogen sulfide.what would the molecular formula be? | H2S |
| carbon hydrogen and nitrogen are likely to be in this molecule? | H-O-C-C=O with Hs at both C's only! |
| which occurs when a covalent bond forms? | electrons in valence electron shells are shared between nuclei |
| the bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are? | bonds between water molecules |
| ionic bonds arise from? | attractions between ions of opposite charge |
| A what is any substance dissolved in water? | solute |
| gluclose with the chemical formula C6H12O6 has a mass in daltons of? | 180 |
| electrons are transferred from one molecule to another in what? | redox reactions |
| acid precipitation has a lowered ph of a particular lake to 4.0 what is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? | 10 to the -4 M |
| carbon is well suited to be the backbone of organic molecules because | it can from up to 4 covalent bonds with varying atoms and molecular groups |
| which functional group is not present? | sulfhydryl |
| which term includes all others on the list? | carbohydrate |
| A monosaccharide designated as an aldose contains? | a terminal carbonyl group |
| what is the defining difference btw a monosaccharide,disacchride, and a polysacchride? | the number of MONOMERS in the molecule |
| what type of bond allows sugars to polymerize? | glycosidic linkage |
| saturated fatty acids are so named because they are saturated with | hydrogen |
| what aspect of triglyceride structure accounts for their insolubility in water? | nonpolar c-h and c-c bonds in fatty acid |
| which is true about unsaturated fats? | they have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids |
| compared to a basic solution w/ a ph of 9, an acidic solution at ph 4 would have how many more hydrogen ions? | 100,000 |
| how many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long? | 9 |
| formula for maltose | c12h22o11 |
| what determines the primary structure of a polypeptide? | its sequence of amino acids |
| the structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the ? | primary level |
| 20 different amino acids are found in the proteins of cells.What distinguishes these molecules? | the composition of their side chains,or R groups |
| nucleotides are to what?as what is to proteins? | nucleic acids-,amino acids- |
| a plasma membrane is a characteristic of:? | all cells |
| according to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure proteins of the membrane are mostly what? | embedded in lipid bilayer |
| what are the lipid bilayers in the cell called "selectively permeable"? | they are permeable to some substances but not to others |
| what chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer? | its HYDRO PHOBIC!! |
| which is true about osmosis? | solutions with different concentrations of solutes must be seperated by a selectively permeable membrane |
| when plants are in a hyptonic soltuion they will? | build up tugor pressure |
| the cytoplasm is what to the surroundings of the cell if there are more salts inside the cell? | hypertonic |
| which is NOT a part of the cytoskeleton? | golgi apparatus |
| A 9+2 arrangement of microtubules best describes what? | cilia |
| A cell take sin dissolves materials by forming tiny vesicles around fluid droplets by folds of the plasma membrane.this is called? | pinocytosis |
| which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? | ribosome |
| which represents a fundamental difference between fibers in extracellular layers of plants and those found in animals? | animal fibers consist of proteins;plant fibers consist of polysaccharides instead |
| ribosomes are manufactured in the what of the nucleus? | nucleolus |
| characterizes bound ribosomes? | bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins |
| cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins.which of the following is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell? | er->golgi->vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane |
| which structure is common in plants and animals? | mitochondrion |
| all cells have the following EXCEPT ? | cell wall |
| a what is the specific molecule a cell receptor protein recognizes and binds to? | ligand |
| these ? are packages of enzymes that help the cell in digesting food particles | lysosomes |
| which is NOT an example of energy transformation? | sunlight striking a prism and seperates into distinct wavelengths |
| according to the first law of thermodynamics ?? | energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
| in thermodynamics, this ? is a measure of the amount of disorder in the system | entropy |
| what is thermal energy? | the kinetic energy of molecular motion,measured as heat |
| if a reaction is exergonic,then which of the following is true? | the products have lower free energy than the reactants |
| catabolism is to what?as anablosim is to what? | exergonic,endergonic |
| what determines whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous? | the combined effect of changes in potential energy and entropy |
| a spontaneous reaction is which the change in free energy (delta G) has what value? | negative |
| consider the reaction:glucose+6O2-> 6CO2+6 H2O (delta G=-2880kj/mol) which is NOT true? | the reaction must be coupled to an exergonic reaction |
| which of the following correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium? | the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction |
| what is activation energy? | the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction |
| the region of an enzyme molecule that combines with the substrate is the ? | active site |
| which of the following statements is false?enzymes..? | convert coenzymes to products |
| enzymes have similar responses to both changes in temperature and pH.The effect of both is on the ? | 3-dimensional shape of the enzyme |
| which does NOT follow the stuy of absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis? | chlorophyll owes its color to the absorption of green light |
| which of the following contains chlorophyll? | all of these |
| why is chlorophyll green? | it absorbs wavelengths in the blue and red parts of the visible spectrum,but it reflects mostly green photons |
| which is a product of the light reaction of photosynthesis? | NADPH |
| in plants,the final electron acceptor in noncyclic electron flow is? | NADP+ |
| which is resonance? | transfer of energy among pigment molecules |
| the light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Cavin cycle with ? | ATP and NADPH |
| which represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? | H2O->NADPH->Calvin Cycle |
| what does it mean to say Co2 has been fixed? | it becomes bonded to an organic compound |
| what is the molecule the rubisco attaches a carbon atom to during carbon fization? | ribulose bisphosphate |
| which does NOT occur during the calvin cycle? | release of oxygen |
| in what respect are the photosynthetic adaptations of C4 plants and CAM plants similar? | in both cases, an enzyme other than rubisco carries out the first step in carbon fixation |
| what color would plants be if they absorbed all wavelengths of light?why? | black,no color deflected |
| which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis? | CO2 |
| what is the function of the reactions in a fermentation pathway? | to generate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can continue |
| which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration? | glycolysis |
| most CO2 from catabolism is released during? | the Krebs cycle |
| electron transport coverts energy in NADH first to ? | a protein gradient in the mitochondria |
| the IMMEDIATE energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is? | the H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be? | moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion |
| the final electron acceptor of the elctron transport chain that functions in oxidative phosphorylation is ? | oxygen |
| which of the following is a major source of electrons for the electron transport chain? | NADH |
| As cellular respiration proceeds, the pH of the mitochondrial matrix ? | rises |
| which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding cellular respiration? | electrons have a higher potential energy at the end of the process |
| two molecules of this enter the krebs cycle from respiration of glucose | acetyl-COA |
| through a microscope you can see the cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell plate.this cell is most likely ? | a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis |
| vinbstine is a standard chemo drug used to treat cancer.it interfers with the assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be related to? | disruption of mitotic spindle formation |
| the drug cytohalasin B blocks the function of actin.which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would be most disrupted by this drug? | clevage furrow formation |
| what major event occurs during anaphase of mitosis? | sister chromatids seperate,forming independent chromosomes |
| the mitotic spindle is mostly composed of? | microtubules |
| in some organisms,mitosis occurs without cytokinesis occuring.this will result in ? | cells with more than one nuclei |
| which does NOT occur during mitosis? | replication of DNA |
| molecular tether that links sister chromatids together of a duplicated chromosomes is? | cohesions |
| in the spindle the --ends of the kinetochoremicrotubules are embedded in the kinetochore and the -- ends are at the spindle pole | plus,minus |
| the daughter cells of mitosis?? | are gentically identical to eachother and the parent cell |
| what happens if the sister chromatidds of one chromosome fail to seperate at anaphase? | one daughter cell recieves too few chromsomes, one daughter cell receives a replicated chromosome |
| is the process of physically dividing chromosomes? | karyokinesis |
| bacterium divides by this process? | binary fission |
| A eukaryotic cell laking telomerase would? | experience a gradual reduction of chromosome length with each replication |
| what is a tumor suppressor? | a gene associated with a tumor formation when its product does not function |
| cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are regulated by? | the periodic increase and destruction of cyclins |
| the decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is caused by ? | the degradation of cyclin |
| what are homologous chromosomes? | chromosomes that are similiar in size,shape, and gene content |
| A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is ? | a sperm cell |
| homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during ? | MEIOSIS 1 |
| Meiosis 2 is similiar to mitosis in that? | sister chromatids seperate during anaphase |
| crossing over usually contributes to genetic variation by exchanging chromosomal segments between? | nonsister chromatids of homologues |
| you would expect to find a synaptonemal complex in a cell at ? | meiotic prophase 1 |
| which of the following are genetically identical? | 2 different cells resulting from a mitotic division |
| how does dna replication differ btw mitosis and meiosis? | DNA replication is the same in mitosis and meiosis |
| what describes a recessive trait? | trait masked by the presence of a dominant trait |
| what proportion of the offspring of a cross between a male with a X-linked recessive trait and a female carrier for that trait would also have that trait? | half of all the children,regardless of their gender |
| when homozygous, a particular allele of a locus in rats causes abnormalities of the cartilage throughout the body,an enlarged heart,slow development, and death this is an example of? | pleiotropy |
| the alleles in haploid organisms cannot be dominant or recessive why? | dominance and recessiveness describe interactions between two alleles of the same gene in the same individual |
| mendel worked with either different chromosomes or ones that were so far apart crossing over couldn't occur,how did mendel recognize independent assortment? | otherwise,his dihybrid crosses would not have produced a 9:3:3:1 ratio of F2 phenotypes |
| what is meant by the claim that mendel worked with the simplest possible genetic system? | discrete traits,2 alleles,simple dominance and recessiveness,no sex chromosomes, and unlinked genes are the simplest situation known |
| what is the strongest evidence that a trait might be influenced by polygenic inheritance? | the trait shows quantitative variation |
| refers to an intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes | incomplete dominance |
| in a cross btw AaBbcc and AaBbCc what is the probability of obtaining an individual with the genotype AABbCc? | 1/16 |
| Japenese 4 o clocks are red and tall are crossed to white,short ones, producing F1 that is pink and tall.if f1 is self-crossed what would the ratio of f2's phenotypes? | 3 red tall,6 pink tall,3 white tall,1 red short, 2 pink short, 1 white short |
| why is the white-eye phenotype always observed in drosophilia males carrying the white-eye allele? | because the allele is located on the x chromosome and males only have one X |
| in an organism's genome,autosomes are? | all of the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes |
| as the distance btw the loci of 2 genes increases, the likihood of "breaking linkage" btw these two genes ? | increases |
| what is NOT a property of dna polymerase? | it is associated with a sliding clamp only on the leading strand |
| what is the lighter staining region of the chromosome? | euchromatin |
| a chromosome is this if the centromere is at the far end of the chromatids | acrocentric |
| eukaryotic proteins that package dna | histones |
| in his work with pnenomia causing bacteria and mice griffin found that | some substance from pathogenic cells was transformed to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic |
| in analyzing the number of diff bases in a dna sample,which results would be consistent with the base-pairing rules | a+g=c+t |
| synthesis of a new dna strand usually begins with | an rna primer |
| a biochemist isolates and purifies molecules needed for dna replication.what has she left out of the mixture? | dna ligase |
| chromatin fibers include | dna and protein |
| 2 complementary strands of the dna double helix are held onto one another by | hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases |
| if a segement of dna is 5'-CATTAC-3' the complementary dna strand is? | 3'-GTAATG-5' |
| the statement "dna replicates by a semiconservative mechanism means? | each double helix consists of one old and one newly synthesized strand |
| topoisomerases are? | break and rejoin dna to reduce torsional stress |
| Charles Darwin | change over time-changes in popoulations over geologic history |
| microevolution | change in allelic freq.over several generations |
| darwinian fitness | best adapted-natural selection |
| adaptation | an inheritance characteristic that impacts survival/reproductive success |
| macroevolution | development and extinction of new species |
| Acclimatization | temporary reversible change that is not inheritable |
| evolution | science's explanation behindthe diversity of life on earth |
| Aristotle's ladder | diversity represented a hierarchy of perfection,humans on top |
| fossils | preserved record of a past living organism |
| principal of superposition | progession in fossil forms seen in strata which different types in diff layers,deeper-older, newer-younger |
| strata | layers of rock |
| 1750 George Buffon | 1st to say species were changing overtime |
| two schools of thought | catastrophism and uniformitarianism |
| Catastrophism is | Georges Cuvier, geology of the earth was formed by a series of large scale catastrophic events followed by many successive creation events( big changes small period earth 4,000-6,000 yrs old |
| uniformitarianism is | James Hutton, the geology of the earth was the result of incredibly slow but gradual change, didn't say catastrophic events didn't happen though, small changes-earth veryyyy olddd |
| Charles Lyell | reinvigorated uniformitarianism with his book "Principles of geology"(1830) |
| Darwin | geology nut, wrote papers on reef atole is formed as an ameture, earth is old and constantly changing ongoing process |
| Jean Baptiste Lemarck | new species change or come from existing species through use or disuse of environmental characteristics |
| inheritance of acquired charcteristics | Jean Baptiste Lemarck- organisms strove for improved characteristics through use or disuse |
| mechanism wrong of Lemarck but he is first ro propose the environment plays a significant role in evolution | true |
| sequence of the rna transcript | 5'GCUUAACGUAGGC 3' |
| transcription is the process by which this is synthesized | mrna,trna,and rrna |
| why did researchers suspect that dna does not code for proteins directly? | in eukaryotes,dna is found in the nucleus,but proteins are produced outside the nucleus |
| rna grows in this direction as rna polymerase moves along the template dna strand in this direction | 5->3 then 3->5 |
| the rna splicing process ...? | can produce multiple mRNAs from the same transcript |
| a ribosome binds to the following mRNA what are the first 3 amino acids that will be incorporated into the resulting polypeptide? | methionine,leucine,leucine |
| a gene composed of 600 nucleotides would encode for a protein of ? | 200 amino acids |
| which of the following is NOT true of a codon? | it extends from one end of a trna molecule |
| the anticodon of a particular trna molecule is? | complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon |
| the role of trna is to transport? | amino acids to the ribosome |
| what is the order of protein synthesis? | 2,3,1,4 BInding of small ribosome,binding of trna to a site,peptide bond forms,translocation of ribosome |
| the enzyme that forms peptide bonds is called peptidyl transferase because it transfers? | a new amino acid from a tRNA to a growing peptide |
| suppose you mix amino acids rabbit,ribosomes dog,trnas mouse,mrna chimpanzee which animal's protein will be made? | chimpanzee |
| charles darwin | theory of natural selection,weak frail man,collected speciments for the royal zoological society on his voyage across the world came back a hero,aware of Thomas Malthus work,fancied pigeons |
| Darwin noticed this about species in close proximity | even though they were still isolated they could differ in very subtle ways (galapagos islands-different populations of finches with diff beaks eating diff things) |
| convergent evolution | similar feautures because of similar habitats,development of similiar structures as a result of similar selective pressures |
| selective pressures | evolutionary structures,compete for or against,pressure of natural selection, dolphins fins |
| selective pressures are also called ? and are not due to this | analogous structures,NOT due to ANCESTRY |
| Alfred wallace | looked up to darwin and sent him a manuscript about natural selection which was similar to darwins idea,so they co-published a paper together for zoological society |
| descent with modification is ? | natural selection |
| darwin later published a book with more examples and work called | "on the origin of species" |
| Theory of natural selection is based on? | observations and conclusions |
| idea 1 theory of NS | natural populations can reproduce well beyond the capacity to simply replace the parents in the next generation,yet population sizes remain relatively static |
| idea 2 NS | There is competition to survive and reproduce in the face of limited resources(also called selective pressures)kids don't grow old enough to have their own kids |
| selective pressures? | face of limited resources |
| idea 3 NS | There is inherent natural selection present in any population of organisms(esp.sexually reproducing ones) |
| Thomas Malthus | economist studied human population size concluded that population size has the capacity to grow but are limited by available resources,(kids don't grow old enough to have their own kids) influenced idea #2 NS |
| Some variations may be more advantageous to survival and reproduction in the face of particular selective pressures | true |
| artifical selection | breeding |
| natural variability | different more advantageous for survival |
| adaptations are? | inheritable |
| organism can adapt to be perfect | false,there is no perfection or best strategy to reproduce or survive |
| idea 4 NS | advantageous traits are more likely to survive the pressure and pass down traits to offspring at a greater frquency and overtime change the population |
| fitness | best adapted(darwinian terms) |
| natural selection selects from | variations that are already there |
| organisms don't respond to change,evolution can't predict what will change so adaptations must what? | be already present in the population already in order to be benefiial and they don't rise from the pressures |
| acclimatization | temporary and often reversible accomodation of a situation |
| galapagos | focus point of work,isolated but close proximity diff islands diff species,similar except for beak type and ate diff food,migration to neighboring island,beaks from ancestral population |
| adaptive radiation | organisms radiate into new habitats and adapt selective traits because of pressures |
| adaptations can influence eachother | true |
| speciation | develop new species,because species don't interbreed with eachother |
| an experiment on flies starvation rate did this | starved 80% flies til they died left 20% to re-populate,starvation 20-23 days after 60 generations went to avg resistance of 60 generations-160 hours |
| fitness | best adapted |
| longer time seperated equals | more genetic differences |
| species | populations of organisms that ccan successfully interbreed |
| genetic correlation | traits that come along with adaptive traits,deep beak adaptive crack open nut -wider beak comes along with |
| fitness trade-offs | one trait may be beneficial to a point but disadvantageous at another point by pressures-large body size finches help with competition for seeds but req larger amonts of food to maintain |
| permineralized | minerals slowly replace living tissue |
| petrification | wood permineralization |
| compression fossil | soft tissues are sandwiched btw rock layers,leaves,wings |
| impression fossils | hard body parts leave their impressions in softer sediments that harden,footprint |
| fossils are | rare occurence conditions have to be right |
| evolution is a testable science | true |
| relative dating | age based on strata layer fossil is found in,relies on principal of superposition, |
| radiometric dating | dating by decay of radioactive istopes and half life-c14 |
| homologous structures | human parts-arm,dolphins,dog,have them too |
| vestigal structures | specific type of homologous structure that has lost its original function all together (whales-femur,leg bones but no legs) bats-molars but eat liquid food,mammals-hair sands up when scared humans hair on arms stand up |
| comparative anatomy | structural evidence of evolution |
| mutations accumulate overtime and compare dna sequence | true |
| comparative embryology | verebrates have retained ancestral features that still display as embryos |
| tails and gill slits | developmental homology |
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amadash194