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Mastering Bio Ch. 14
Study cards for Dr. Day's Survey of Biology at Clayton State
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a trait? | one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character. |
| What is a character? | An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals. |
| What is meant by "true-breeder"? | An organism that produces offspring of teh same variety over many generations of self-pollination. |
| Define P generation. | The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. "Parental". |
| Define F1 generation. | The first fillial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross. |
| Define F2 generation. | The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation. |
| What is the Law of Segregation? | Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation. |
| What is the Law of Independent Assortment? | Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates or assorts independently of each other during gamete formation. |
| What is an allele? | Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. |
| What is a dominant allele? | An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote. |
| What is a recessive allele? | An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote. |
| Why do you use a Punnett Square? | To study inheritance and show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype. |
| What is a testcross? | Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes int eh offspring reveals the unknown genotype. |
| What is a ratio in Monohybrid cross? | Genotype: 1:AA, 2:Aa, 1:aa Phenotype: 3:1 |
| What is the ratio of Dihybrid cross? | Phenotype: 9:3:3:1 |
| What is complete dominance? | The phenotype between the heterozygote and the homozygote are indistinguishable. |
| What is incomplete dominance? | The phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele. |
| What is codominance? | The phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. Blood type. |
| What is pleiotropy? | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. Flower color affects seed color. |
| What is epistasis? | A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene. Laborador coat color. |
| What is a pedigree? | A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations. |
| What is a carrier? | An individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The carrier is phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass it on to offspring. |
| What are multifactorial disorders? | Disorders that are caused by several factors, for example heredity and environment. I.e. heart disease, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism. |
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