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Chapter 13
Carbohydrates
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carbohydrate | Contains carbohydrate, hydrogen and oxygen. Also called saccharide. Very water soluble. Names usually end with "-ose" |
| Chiral | Monosaccharide (one sugar), carbohydrate. Furthest from carbonyl determines isomer. D = -OH on right, L = -OH on left |
| Monosaccharide | Simplest form of carbohydrate. C6H12O6 = glucose. Can not be hydrolyzed - broken down any further. Most exist as a D-isomer. They are a reducing sugar. |
| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides. Can be hydrolyzed (add water) to be broken down into two monosaccharides. |
| Polysaccharides | Many monosaccharides. Can be hydrolyzed into many monosaccharides. |
| Polyhydroxyaldehyde | Aldose -COOH |
| Polyhydroxyketone | Ketose - -CO |
| Pentose | Five carbon monosaccharide |
| Hexose | Six carbon monosaccharide |
| Aldohexose | Aldo - aldehyde, hex - six, ose - glucose |
| Ribose | Aldopentose in RNA |
| Glucose | Aldohexose, called dextrose or blood sugar |
| Galactose | Aldohexose found in disaccharide lactose |
| Fructose | Ketohexose, fruit sugar, sweetest tasting sugar |
| Hyperglycemic | over/above normal glucose level |
| Hypoglycemic | under/below normal glucose level |
| Normal glucose | 70-90 mg/dL |
| Alpha glucose | OH is below |
| Beta glucose | OH is above |
| Sugar alcohol | Result when an aldehyde or ketone carbonyl is reduced to a hydroxyl. "-itol" suffix ex: sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol |
| Glycosidic bond | Bond that connects two monosaccharides -----O---- |
| Glycosides | Monosaccharides react with alcohols |
| Maltose | Malt sugar obtained from starch, contains an alpha glycosidic bond (glucose + glucose). A reducing sugar |
| Lactose | Milk sugar, contains a beta glycosidic bond (glucose + galactose) A reducing sugar |
| Sucrose | Table sugar found in sugar cane and beets. Contains a glycosidic bond (glucose + fructose) |
| Artificial sweeteners | Much sweeter than sugars, most are NOT carbohydrates, no calories, |
| Blood type | Determined by three or four monosaccharides attached to RBC. Universal receiver - AB Universal donor - O |
| Polysaccharides | Hydrolyze to give MANY monosaccharides. Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polymers of D-glucose. |
| Chitin | A polysaccharide found in nature not used as a food source. Insect shell, lobster, crab and clam shells. Can not be digested. |
| Starch (alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bond) | Glucose storage in plants such as fruits, vegetable skin, rice and beans) Ex: Amylose - straight chain polymer Amylopectin - branched chain polysaccharide |
| Glycogen (alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bond) | Glucose storage in animals, stored in liver and muscles |
| Cellulose (Beta-1,4-glycosidic bond) | Major structural component of plants. Humans lack enzymes to hydrolyze Beta-glycosidic bond. Harder for us to digest. Source is dietary fiber. |
Created by:
daydreamer67
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