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Chapter 13
Carbohydrates
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Carbohydrate | Contains carbohydrate, hydrogen and oxygen. Also called saccharide. Very water soluble. Names usually end with "-ose" |
Chiral | Monosaccharide (one sugar), carbohydrate. Furthest from carbonyl determines isomer. D = -OH on right, L = -OH on left |
Monosaccharide | Simplest form of carbohydrate. C6H12O6 = glucose. Can not be hydrolyzed - broken down any further. Most exist as a D-isomer. They are a reducing sugar. |
Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides. Can be hydrolyzed (add water) to be broken down into two monosaccharides. |
Polysaccharides | Many monosaccharides. Can be hydrolyzed into many monosaccharides. |
Polyhydroxyaldehyde | Aldose -COOH |
Polyhydroxyketone | Ketose - -CO |
Pentose | Five carbon monosaccharide |
Hexose | Six carbon monosaccharide |
Aldohexose | Aldo - aldehyde, hex - six, ose - glucose |
Ribose | Aldopentose in RNA |
Glucose | Aldohexose, called dextrose or blood sugar |
Galactose | Aldohexose found in disaccharide lactose |
Fructose | Ketohexose, fruit sugar, sweetest tasting sugar |
Hyperglycemic | over/above normal glucose level |
Hypoglycemic | under/below normal glucose level |
Normal glucose | 70-90 mg/dL |
Alpha glucose | OH is below |
Beta glucose | OH is above |
Sugar alcohol | Result when an aldehyde or ketone carbonyl is reduced to a hydroxyl. "-itol" suffix ex: sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol |
Glycosidic bond | Bond that connects two monosaccharides -----O---- |
Glycosides | Monosaccharides react with alcohols |
Maltose | Malt sugar obtained from starch, contains an alpha glycosidic bond (glucose + glucose). A reducing sugar |
Lactose | Milk sugar, contains a beta glycosidic bond (glucose + galactose) A reducing sugar |
Sucrose | Table sugar found in sugar cane and beets. Contains a glycosidic bond (glucose + fructose) |
Artificial sweeteners | Much sweeter than sugars, most are NOT carbohydrates, no calories, |
Blood type | Determined by three or four monosaccharides attached to RBC. Universal receiver - AB Universal donor - O |
Polysaccharides | Hydrolyze to give MANY monosaccharides. Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polymers of D-glucose. |
Chitin | A polysaccharide found in nature not used as a food source. Insect shell, lobster, crab and clam shells. Can not be digested. |
Starch (alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bond) | Glucose storage in plants such as fruits, vegetable skin, rice and beans) Ex: Amylose - straight chain polymer Amylopectin - branched chain polysaccharide |
Glycogen (alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bond) | Glucose storage in animals, stored in liver and muscles |
Cellulose (Beta-1,4-glycosidic bond) | Major structural component of plants. Humans lack enzymes to hydrolyze Beta-glycosidic bond. Harder for us to digest. Source is dietary fiber. |