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Carb. Metab.
Chemistry, Carbohydrate Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glycogen | Storage form of glucose |
| Glycogenesis | Formation of Glycogen from Glucose |
| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of Glycogen into glucose |
| Glycolysis | Glucose changed to get energy |
| Gluconeogenesis | Glucose from fat or protein |
| Where is glycogen made and stored? | made in the liver and the muscle. |
| Where is insulin made? | Made in the beta cells of the Islet of Langerhams in the pancreas. |
| What does insulin do? | insulin stimulates the transport of glucose through cell memberane, must be present for glucose to enter cells. |
| How does insulin affect the blood glucose level? | It lowers the blood glucose. |
| Where is Glucagon made? | Hormone. made in the Alpha Cells of the pancreas. |
| Where are ketone bodies made? | Made in the liver |
| what are ketone bodies made from? | excess fatty acid are partially metabolized into ketone bodies. the waste product from fatty acids is ketone bodies. |
| Ketonuria | Ketone bodies in the urine |
| Ketonemia | Ketone bodies in the blood. |
| Ketoacidosis | blood Ph less than 7.35 due to ketone bodies |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood glucose |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood glucose |
| Glucosuria/Glycosuria | Glucose in the urine. |
| Renal Threshhold | blood level above which glucose in the urine spill. (160-180 mg/dL. |
| IDDM | Type 1 Juvenile Diabetes |
| Age of onset of IDDM? | any, common in youth |
| type of onset of IDDM? | Abrupt |
| Symptoms of IDDM | Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia |
| Endogenous insulin , IDDM | None |
| Oral agents used for IDDM | N/A |
| Genetic Susceptibility | Auto Immune distruction of Beta cells. |
| NIDDM | Type II , Adult |
| Age of onset of NIDDM | any, common in adults |
| Type of onset of NIDDM | gradual |
| Symptoms of Type II | sometimes none |
| Genetic susceptibility | Familia, Beta cell exhaustion |
| What type of diabetes has a tendency to get ketoacidosis | Type 1. Juvenile, difficult to control |
| Which type of diabetes may be controlled by diet alone` | Type II |
| what do diabetics metabolize instead of glucose? | Lipids, Fats |
| What is retinopathy? | Sclerosis of retina from fatty deposits |
| What are some complications of diabetes | Athersclerosis, CAD, retinopathy, PAD, poor wound healing, infection, neuropathy, nephropathy |
| Insulin level for Diabetic coma | Low |
| Blood glucose level for Diabetic coma | High |
| Urine glucose, diabetic coma | yes |
| Onset for Diabetic coma | hours to days |
| Symptoms for diabetic coma | dry tongue/skin, lethargy |
| Tx for diabetic coma | Insulin |
| Insulin level for Insulin shock | High |
| blood glucose for Insulin shock | Low |
| Urine glucose? | NO |
| Onset for Insulin Shock | Sudden |
| Tx for Insulin shock | Sugar, Carbs |
| what are symptoms of Hypoglycemia | same as insulin shock, tachycardia, shakey |
| what is a fasting blood glucose sample? | No food or bev. 8-12 hours, |
| OGGT | oral glucose tolerance test |
| Samples taken for OGGT | fasting blood sugar, 1, 2,3 hours after drinking "glucola" |
| Samples taken OGTT if hypoglycemia is suspected? | hours 4 and 5. |
| Given the renal threshold and patient blood glucose level, how would you determine if glucose will be in the urine | Based on glucose level, renal threshold is 160-180 mg/dL |
| How is a postprandial glucose test done? | after eating, draw fasting and 2 hour after a meal. |
| What is a normal result for the 2 hour postprandial glucose test | Less than 140 mg/dL |
| What does the HbA1C test measure? | hemoglobin A, combined with glucose |
| Advantage of HbA1C? | reflects blood glucose over a three month period Normal values: 4-6%. |
Created by:
charndoug
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