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Bio Term 4 Y11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is protein synthesis | The creation of proteins by cells that usees DNA, RNA and various enzymes |
| What is the first step of proten synthesis | The double stranded DNA unzips itself by the RNA polymerase. The hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken |
| What is the second step of protein synthesis | Transcription. The information coded on the dna strand is transcribed onto RNA MOLECULE. Dna strand acts as a template |
| What is the third step of protein synthesis | Synthesis. Where RNA molecule is sent to the cytoplasm (gel like substance - everything else but nucleus) to pick up amino acids ,trna, and ribosomes needed for protein synthesis. RNA is syntehsised by chemical reactions |
| What is the fourth step of protein synthesis (transcription) | RNA molcule caontaint copy of genetic infor. coded on DNA called MRNA exits through the nucleous through pores and enters the cytopaplasm. This is translation |
| What is the fifth step of protein synthesis | In the cytoplasm the MRNA interacts with the ribosome and binds with it. Triggers tRNA, which posses a codon each. Each codon is complimentary to the MRNA codon.molecule |
| What happens when the TRNA finds it's complimentary codon on the MRNA molecule | Attache to it. The other end of the tRNA is loaded with an amino acid. |
| Describe codons within a moelcuel | Start codon, stop codon, Trna codon complimentary to MRnA codon is called an anti codon |
| What are mutations | Gene mutations occur at a point on the DNA strand therefore resulting in the production of an abnormal protein. |
| What are the 4 major types of gene mutation | Substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion |
| WHat is a substution mutation | Incorrect bas is substituted into base sequence. Results in single amino acid change (minimal affectt on protein synthesis) |
| What is an insertion mutation | When an extra base is added in. REsults in every amino acid after insertion point being incorrect (large effect on protein synthesis) |
| What is a deletion mutation | IS when one base is deleted from the sequence. Results in every amino acid after deletion poin being incorrectlt (large affect) |
| Inversion mutation | ONe codon is inverted in sequence. It results in a single amino acid change (minimal affect) |
| Basics of meitosis | Cell duplicates chromosomes, chrom, line up in centre of cell, half the chromosones pulled to one side, the other the other side, cell splits in half in the middle. Each daughter cell is identcal |
| What are homologous chromosones | Homologous chrom. are chromo,pairs of approx the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. |
| Where are homolgous chromosones inherited from | One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother; the other from the organism's fathe |
| WHen does chromosone crossing over happen | homologous chromosomes pair up with each other and exchange different segments of their genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes. Crossing over is essential for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis |
| Basics of meiosis | Homologous pairs join up to form bivalents, crossing over can occur (recombination) as non-sister chromatids become entangled, two cell divisions to form 4 daughter cells that are haploid |
| diploid | two copies of each chromosone (body cells) |
| haploid | half he copies of each chromosone (gametes) |
| What are the different types of inheritence | Dominant/recessive, Co-dominant, incomplete dominance, polygenics, multiple alleles |
| Dominant recesssive | 2 pheontypes, all p traits (fly eyes, wrinkled coat) Aa |
| C0-dominant | 3 phenotypes\.Roan cows - red and white at same time RW Both alles are dominant and contribute to phenotype |
| Incomplete dominance (blending/dilurtion) | 3 phenotypes. e.g pink glowers RW |
| Polygenics Trait | One trait but multiple gene loci. Usually dominant/recessive More than one gene determines phenotype and there is a dilution. e.g skin colour |
| Multiple alle.es | more than 2 alles. E.g blood type there is A, B and O. One loci but multiple alles |
| Monohybrid crosses | one gene - single gene inheritance |
| dihybrid crosses | 2 genes |
| red hair and freckles | close to each other on gene loci - so when swapping occurs both are expressed |
| Things close to each other on gene loci | can be swapped in multiple crossing |
| AaBb | heterozygous for both gene loci |
| wht would be the games of AaBb | aB, bB, AB, ab.Aa or Bb can't go together due to meiosis (each allele for each gene loci) |
| what is autosomal | not-sex linked |
| What is linkage | genes thar located on the same chromosone. Linked genes tend to be inherited together (the extent of crossing over depends on how close together they are on the chromosone) |
| What is sex linkage | Non-sexual traits coded by genes on X chromosone. y chromosone only dictates gener while x chromosone dictates gender and and other genes not related to sex |
| Why are males more prone to have sex linked diseases | Males only need one mutation on allele to have the disorder (if dominant and recessive) while females need 2 therefore less incidents occur |
| What is linkage | tendency of genes that are located close on a chrom. to be inherited together during meiosis. Genes whose loci are nearer to each other - less likely to be separated onto different chromatids during chromosomal crossover |
| when chromosones are doubled they form | CHROMATID |
| Chromosones have sister chromatids which are joined at the | centromere |
| Crossing over produces | Variation - genetically different chromosones. Chromosones |
| What does natural selection depend on | Variation in the gene pool |
| What creates variation | Mutation, chromosonal crossing, sex, inheritance type |
| Selecting creates | variation agent (helps organisms survive or doesn't). This results in directed change in gene pool. This requires generations (happens over extended period of time |
| What is speciation | the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. Caused by selecting pressures. Different species when they don't recognise each other |
| What does seperation do | Different environments and selecting pressurese |
| What does isolation do | new variants |
| what are the different types of isolation | Geographical (continental drift, earthquakes - 2 different places at same time), temporal (same place but different times), reproductive (same place and time but don't recognise each other |
| What is stabilising selection | Extreme variations are eliminated (so only middle of bell curve). And the middle phenotyes are retained in greater numbers. Acts to prevent divergence of form and function. E,g. birth weight |
| Directional Selection | One extreme is eliminated and adaptie phenotype is shifted (one phenotype is favoured over the others). e.g. moth story |
| Disruptive selection | Middle of bell curve is eliminated and two separate peaks form. Favours two extreme phenotypes at expense of intermediated forms. |
| In a karyotyoe how do you know if it'male or female | The last homologous pair. If are equal sizes they are female. If one is shorter than the other it is shorter than it is male |
| How do they make karyotyoed | White blood cells are frozen in the metaphase (lined up in the middle - the most dense and tangled) photo is taken and cut up so homologous pairs line up |
| What is endosymbiosis | Symbiosis where one organism lives in another . Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once living bacteria until absorbed in eukaryotes |
| How are viruses are a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer | Bacteriophages insert there DNA into bacteria . This viral DNA takes control of bacteria and bacteria produces thousands Iof the virus. The new viruses contain bacterial DNA . This is known as transduction |
| In RNA t is replaced with | T is replaced with u |
| How can you tell the relatedness of an individual in gel electrophoresis | Number of matching bands. Bottom to top. Cgta |
| How to read a codon table | Left hand, up then right |
Created by:
Lui24