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Bio chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; a double-stranded helical macromolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the nitrogenous bases | DNA |
| On a tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA. | anticodon |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; the late stages of HIV infection, characterized by a reduced number of T cells; usually results in death caused by opportunistic infections. | AIDS |
| A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. | Bacteriophage |
| Extra nucleotides added to the beginning of an RNA transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. | cap |
| A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. | Codon |
| A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. | cytosine (C) |
| An enzyme that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template. | DNA polymerase |
| form assumed by DNA in living cells, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. | double helix |
| A virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists. | emerging virus |
| In eukaryotes, a coding portion of a gene | Exon |
| The set of rules giving the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) in mRNA and amino acids in protein. | genetic code |
| A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. | guanine (G) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus; the retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and causes AIDS. | HIV |
| In eukaryotes, a nonexpressed (noncoding) portion of a gene that is excised from the RNA transcript. See also exon. | Intron |
| A bacteriophage reproductive cycle in which the viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage. New phages are not produced, and the host cell is not killed or lysed unless the viral genome leaves the host chromosome. | lysogenic cycle |
| A viral reproductive cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by lysis (breaking open) of the host cell. | lytic cycle |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) The type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences. | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| The study of the molecular basis of heredity; molecular genetics. | molecular biology |
| Mutagen | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. |
| A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; a major source of genetic diversity. | A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; a major source of genetic diversity. |
| nucleotides | An organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. |
| Is a bacteriophage. A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. | Phage |
| A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together. | polynucleotide |
| An infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins to more prions. Prions cause several related diseases in different animals, including scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. | Prion |
| A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, located at the start of a gene, that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins. | promoter |
| Phage DNA that has inserted into the DNA of a prokaryotic chromosome. | prophage |
| Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome. | provirus |
| An RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. It reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome, and then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA. | retrovirus |
| An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template. | reverse transcriptase |
| The type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA. | ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template. | RNA polymerase |
| The removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence; occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus. | RNA splicing |
| On mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information. | start codon |
| The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached. | sugar-phosphate backbone |
| Extra nucleotides added at the end of an RNA transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. | tail |
| A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene. | terminator |
| A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA. | Thymine (T) |
| The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template. | transcription |
| A type of ribonucleic acid that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA. | transfer RNA |
| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids. | translation |
| A single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA. | uracil (U) |
| A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material | virus |
| DNA Has the capacity to store_______ and Can be copied and passed from ___________ | 1) genetic information 2) generation to generation |
| DNA and RNA are | nucleic acids |
| DNA and RNA consist of chemical units | nucleotides. |
| The nucleotides are joined by a | sugar-phosphate backbone. |
| The four nucleotides found in DNA differ in their nitrogenous bases. These bases are: | Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) |
| RNA has _______ in place of thymine | uracil (U) |
| James Watson and Francis Crick determined that DNA is a | double helix |
| Watson and Crick used ______ to reveal the basic shape of DNA | X-ray crystallography data |
| Who collected the X-ray crystallography data | Rosalind Franklin |
| The model of DNA is like a _______ twisted into a spiral. | rope ladder |
| The DNA ropes at the sides represent the ________ | sugar-phosphate backbones |
| Each wooden rung represents a pair of bases connected by ________. | hydrogen bonds |
| DNA bases pair in a complementary fashion: Adenine (A) pairs with ________ Cytosine (C) pairs with _______ | 1)thymine (T) 2)guanine (G) |
| IN DNA Replication When a cell reproduces, a complete copy of the DNA must pass from ______. | one generation to the next |
| Watson and Crick’s model for DNA suggested that DNA replicates by a ___________ | template mechanism |
| DNA can be damaged by | ultraviolet light |
| DNA polymerases are | enzymes |
| DNA polymerases Make the covalent bonds between the | nucleotides of a new DNA strand |
| DNA polymerasesAre involved in ________. | repairing damaged DNA |
| DNA replication in eukaryotes Begins at_____. | specific sites on a double helix |
| DNA replication in eukaryotes Proceeds in _____. | both directions |
| DNA functions as the inherited directions for a _______. | cell or organism |
| An organism’s genotype is its? | genetic makeup, the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA |
| The phenotype is the organism’s physical traits, which arise from? | the actions of a wide variety of proteins |
| DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages | 1)Transcription 2)Translation |
| Transcription is? | the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule |
| Translation? | the transfer of information from RNA into a protein |
| The function of a gene is to? | dictate the production of a polypeptide |
| True or Flase A protein may consist of two or more different polypeptides | True |
| Genetic information in DNA is: Transcribed into _____, then Translated into_______ | 1)RNA 2)polypeptides |
| What is the language of nucleic acids? 1) In DNA, it is the linear sequence of ____ | nucleotide bases. |
| A typical _____ consists of thousands of nucleotides | gene |
| A single ______ may contain thousands of genes | DNA molecule |
| When DNA is transcribed, the result is an ______. | RNA molecule |
| RNA is translated into a sequence of ________. | amino acids in a polypeptide |
| What are the rules for translating the RNA message into a polypeptide? | A codon is a triplet of bases, which codes for one amino acid. |
| The genetic code is: | The set of rules relating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence Shared by all organisms |
| Of the 64 triplets 61 code for _______ and 3 are _____. | 1)amino acids 2) stop codons, indicating the end of a polypeptide |
| True or Flase: Transcription: Makes RNA from a DNA template Uses a process that resembles DNA replication Substitutes uracil (U) for thymine (T) | True |
| RNA nucleotides are linked by | RNA polymerase |
| The “start transcribing” signal is a nucleotide sequence called? | a promoter |
| The first phase of transcription is initiation, in which: | 1) RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter 2) RNA synthesis begins |
| The second phase of transcription is called? | elongation |
| elongation is | The RNA grows longer and RNA strand peels away from the DNA template |
| The third phase of transcription is called? | termination |
| During the third phase of transcription RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of DNA bases called? | a terminator |
| During the third phase of transcription Polymerase detaches from the? | RNA |
| During the third phase of transcription The DNA strands _________. | rejoin |
| After transcription Eukaryotic cells process _______ and _________ cells do not | 1)RNA 2)Prokaryotic |
| RNA processing includes | 1)Adding a cap and tail 2) Removing introns 3) Splicing exons together to form messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| Translation is? | the conversion from the nucleic acid language to the protein language. |
Created by:
Hvelez