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Chemistry Unit 2
Solubility, Acid/Bases, Redox, Gases and Stoichiometry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the formula to calculate amount (mol) from mass? | n=m/M |
| What is the formula to calculate amount (mol) from number of particles? | n=N/Na |
| What is the formula to calculate specific heat capacity, and what are its units? | SHC = (HE)/(m*∆t) [He=Heat Energy (J), m=mass (g), ∆t=Change in temperature (℃)] SHC in J g⁻¹ ℃⁻¹ |
| What is the formula to find amount (mol) from concentration and volume? | n=cV |
| What is the formula to find the new concentration of a solution when more volume is added? | c₁V₁=c₂V₂ |
| How do you find the concentration of hydronium ions from the concentration of hydroxide ions? | [H₃O⁺]=10⁻¹⁴/[OH⁻] (And Vice Versa) |
| How do you find the pH from the pOH? | pH + pOH = 14 pH = 14 - pOH |
| What is the formula to find the pH from the concentration of hyrdonium ion? | pH = -log₁₀([H₃O⁺)] |
| What is the formula to find the concentration of hydronium ions from the pH? | [H₃O⁺] = 10^-pH |
| What is the variable gas formula? | (P₁V₁)/(n₁T₁) = (P₂V₂)/(n₂T₂) Note: This equation can be shortened if any variable is constant. |
| What is the General gas Formula? | PV=nRT |
| Properties of Acids: | React with bases, low pH, turn litmus paper red, usually corrosive |
| Properties of Bases: | React with Acids, high pH, turn litmus paper blue, caustic, have a slippery feel |
| What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of what defines if a substance acts as an acid or a base? | Acts as an acid - If the substance gives a proton (H⁺) Acts as a base - If the substance receives a proton (H⁺) |
| What does amphiprotic mean? | That a substance can act as both an acid and a base. (Substance must have an overall negative charge and a H⁺ion, or be water) |
| What does Polyprotic, Diprotic and Triprotic mean? | Polyprotic - Able to donate more than one proton Diprotic - Able to donate two protons Triprotic - Able to donate three protons |
| Is gold a strong oxidant or reductant? | A strong oxidant |
| Is potassium a strong oxidant or reductant? | A strong reductant |
| What is the acronym to remember oxidation/reduction reactions? | OIL RIG |
| What does OIL RIG mean? | Oxidation is loss of electrons, Reduction is gain of electrons |
| Which is the positive and negative electrodes called? | Negative - Anode Positive - Cathode |
| Is an anode in a galvanic cell where oxidation or reduction occurs? | Oxidation |
| What is the formula for Hydroflouric Acid? | HF |
| What is the formula for Nitric Acid? | HNO₃ |
| What is the formula for Sulfuric Acid? | H₂SO₄ |
| What is the formula for Hydrochloric Acid? | HCl |
| What is the formula for Ethanoic Acid (acetate)? | CH₃COOH |
| What is the formula for Phosphoric Acid? | H₃PO₄ |
| What is the formula for Carbonic Acid? | H₂CO₃ |
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? | 6H₂O + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ |
| What does an acid + reactive metal produce? | Salt + Hydrogen |
| What does an acid + metal hydroxide produce? | Salt + Water |
| What does an acid + metal oxide produce? | Salt + Water |
| What does an acid + metal carbonate produce? | Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide |
| What does an acid + metal hydrogen carbonate produce? | Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide |
| What does an acidic oxide + base produce? | Salt + Water |
| What is the oxidation number for free element? | Zero |
| What is the oxidation number for Group 1 metals? | +1 |
| What is the oxidation number for Group 2 metals? | +2 |
| What is the oxidation number for flourine in compounds? | -1 |
| What is the oxidation number for hydrogen in compounds? | +1, except in hydrides (with group 1/2 metals) where -1 |
| What is the oxidation number for oxygen in compounds? | -2, except with hydrogen or group 1/2 metals where -1, or flourine where +2 |
| What is the order or rules in which to calculate oxidation numbers in compounds? | 1 free elements, 2 group one element, 3 group two elements, 4 flourine, 5 hydrogen, 6 oxygen, 7 the sum of an atoms in a compound must equal the net charge of the compound |
| How do you write balanced half equations for redox reactions? | 1 balance all elements (other than hydrogen and oxygen), 2 balance the oxygen atoms by adding water, 3 balance the hydrogen atoms by adding H⁺ ions, 4 balance the charge by adding electrons |
| What are some properties of gases? | Low density, spread to fill space available, easily compressed, mix together rapidly |
| What are some properties of liquids? | High density, fixed volume; adopt shape of container, almost incompressible, mix slowly unless stirred |
| What are some properties of solids? | High density, fixed volume; generally rigid shape, almost incompressible, do not mix unless finely divided |
| According to the "Kinetic Molecular Theory" what are gases composed of? | Gases are composed of small particles (atoms or molecules) |
| According to the "Kinetic Molecular Theory", what behaviours do gases exhibit in regards to volume? | The total volume of particles in the sample is much smaller than the volume occupied by the gas. Most of the volume taken up by a gas is empty space. |
| According to the "Kinetic Molecular Theory", what behaviours do gases exhibit in regards to motion? | Gas particles move rapidly in random, straight line motion, colliding with each other and the walls of the container. |
| According to the "Kinetic Molecular Theory", how strong is the bonding between particles? | Extremely weak |
| What does "elastic" mean in regards to collisions between gases? | Collisions between gas particles are elastic, meaning that all energy is conserved |
| What happens to the kinetic energy of gases as the temperature increases? | The kinetic energy also increases |
| What is the formula to find the average kinetic energy of a gas? | Ek = (m*v²)/2 [Where v is the average velocity of the gas particles] |
| What does the term diffusion mean, is regards to gases? | It is a term that describes the way in which gases spread evenly to fill the total volume available |
| How many mL, equal 1cm³? | 1mL = 1cm³ |
| How many L, equal 1dm³? | 1L = 1dm³ |
| How many cm³ and dm³, equal 1m³? | 1m³ = 1*10³dm³ = 1*10⁶cm³ |
| What is Boyle's law? In both words and equation? | That for a given amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. P₁V₁=P₂V₂ |
| What is Charles' law? In both words and equation? | The volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature, provided the pressure remains constant. V₁/T₁=V₂/T₂ |
| What is the formula to find the amount (mol) of a gas, when you are given the volume it occupies? | n = V/Vm |
Created by:
Demi Shale
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