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Psychology
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do modern psychologists define consciousness? | Most psychologists now define consciousness as our awareness of ourselves and our environment. (Uniquely subjective.) |
| What is cognitive neuroscience? | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with our mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and language. |
| What is meant by dual-processing? | The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. |
| What is blindsight and what does it tells us about dual-processing? | A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. |
| What are some of the advantages of processing outside of conscious awareness? | You can still do everything you could do normally. Added benefit of whats going on on a sub-terranian level. More fluid, more creative, more plausible. Less likely to run into limits on problem solving. |
| What is selective attention? | The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. |
| What limits does selective attention place on our behavior? | Selective attention is the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Multitasking comes at a cost. Specifically focusing on a certain factor. Like a flashlight beam shining on a subject. |
| What is selective inattention? | At the level of conscious awareness, we are "blind" to all but a tiny sliver of visual stimuli. This inattentional blindness is a byproduct of what we are really good at: focusing attention on some part of our environment. |
| What are inattentional blindness and change blindness? How do they demonstrate selective inattention? | I.B.) Is failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. C.B.): Failing to notice changes in the environment. selective inattention because we dont choose to attend to these stimuli; they demand our attention and draw our eyes |
| What is a circadian rhythm? | Biological rhythms. Our bodies synchronized with the 24 hour cycle of day and night by an internal body clock. circa-about diem-day. Body temp, sharpness, alertness are all affected. |
| What is the sleep cycle? | Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness-- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation. We cycle through 4 distinct stages. |
| What are the three N-REM stages of the sleep cycle? | N-REM 1: fantastic images resembling hallucinations--sensory experienced that occur without a sensory stimulus. 2- sleep spindles: rapid rhythmic brain wave activity. 3- slow wave sleep, hard to awaken |
| What us a hypnogogic image? | Sensation of falling or floating weightlessly. These hypnagogic sensations may later be incorporated into your memories. |
| What is the REM-sleep stage of the sleep cycle? | Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a reoccuring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active. |
| During REM, what is happening with the brain, breathing, the muscles of the body, and the eyes? | REM:heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular, eyes move around with momentary bursts of activity. |
| Why is REM sometimes called paradoxical sleep? | Sometimes called paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed except for minor twitches, but other body systems are active. |
| How does the sleep cycle change across a night of sleep? | |
| What are the five theories of why we sleep? | Sleep has survival value. Sleep helps us restore and repair brain tissue. During sleep we consolidate memory traces. Sleep fuels creativity. Sleep plays a huge role in the growth process. |
| What are the major effects of getting too little sleep? | Sleep deprivation: predictor of depression, weight gain (ghrelin), suppresses (leptin), Increases cortisol, increases appetite and eating. |
| What are insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea? | Insomnia: Recurring problem in falling or staying asleep. Narcolepsy: uncontrollable sleep attacks.may lapse directly into REM sleep,at inopportune times.Apnea: temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. |
| What are the major theories of why we dream? | Freuds wish fulfillment. Information-processing. Physiological function. Neural activation. Cognitive development. |
| What are drug tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction? | T: regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect. W: discomfort, distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. A compulsive drug craving and use even with bad conseq |
| What is the difference between a physical and a psychological dependence? | Physical addiction: creates physiological dependence, definite pattern of physiological responses to withdrawal. Psychological dependency: unbearable craving, no physiological dependence. become dependent on lots of things, ex:over eating |
| What is a depressant drug? | Are drugs such as alcohol, barbituates (tranquilizers), and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions. |
| What are the major effects of alcohol? | Alcohol is a disinhibitor--slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions.The urges you would feel if you were sober are the ones you will more likely act upon when intoxicated. |
| What is a stimulant drug? | Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions. pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase and blood sugar levels rise causing a drop in appetite.Ex: amphetamines, cocaine, methamphetamine and ecstasy. Feel alert, lose weight, boost mood. |
| What are the major effects of cocaine? | Fast track from euphoria to crash. Enters the bloodstream quickly, producing a rush of euphoria that depletes the brain of neurotransmitters dopamine, seratonin, and norepinephrine. Depression follows as it wears off. Heightens reactions. |
| What is an hallucinogen? | Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. |
| What are the major effects of marijuana? | Relaxes, disinhibits, euphoric high. Mild hallucination, amplifying sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes and smells. Impair motor coordination, perceptual skill and reaction times. Intensifies feelings. |
| What are the major categories of influence on drug use? | Biological influences: (genetic predispositions, variations in neurotransmitter systems). psychological: ( lacking sense of purpose, significant stress, psychological disorders such as depression) and social cultural: (urban environment, peer influences |
| Major effect of all drug use? | They trigger negative after effects that offset their immediate positive effects and grow stronger with reputation. |
| How does light affect the circadian clock? | By activating light sensitive retinal proteins. |
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