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PSY240EXAM3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the pace of physical development do in early childhood? | Slows |
| How much does the typical American child grow From ages 3 to 6? And how many pounds do they gain? | 2-3 inches per year Add 5-7 pounds |
| Average heights and weights in early childhood are considerably lower in developing countries, due to? | Inadequate nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases. |
| The most notable changes in brain development during early childhood take place where? | In the connections between neurons and in myelination. |
| Infantile Amnesia | (the inability to remember anything prior to age 2) and have limited memory for personal events that happened before age 5. |
| What % of children in developing countries experience nutritional deficiencies? | 80% |
| What is is the most common nutritional deficiency in the United States? | Calcium |
| What are the two most common types of malnutrition in developing countries? | Are lack of: 1. Protein 2. Iron |
| Mortality rates in early childhood are much higher where? | Developing countries |
| In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death by far in early childhood is? | Motor Vehicle Accidents |
| What can children do from ages 3 to 6? | 1. Make more hops in a row- hop on one foot; 2. jump farther from a standing position and to make a running jump 3. climb stairs without support, alternating their feet; 4. throw a ball farther and more accurately 5.become better at catching a ball |
| What happens for children in their Fine Motor Development? | 1. learn to pick up small objects more quickly/precisely 2. to draw something that is recognizable to others, to write their first letters and some short words 3. to put on and remove their clothes, to use scissors, and to use a knife to cut soft food. |
| What do Gross and fine motor skills depend on? | 1. What types of activities children are exposed to 2. They are culturally specific |
| What % of children are left-handed. | 10% |
| What is being left-handed stigmatized in many cultures? | Due to its association with higher risk of developmental problems. |
| Age of preoperational stage of cognitive development? Piaget | 2-7 |
| Piaget viewed the preoperational stage of cognitive development (ages 2-7) as prone to a variety of errors. (4 of them) | 1. Centration 2. Lack of reversibility 3. Egocentrism 4. Animism |
| Centration | Tendency to focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects. |
| Lack of reversibility | Being unable to undo a task mentally |
| Egocentrism | Being unable to distinguish between one’s own and another’s perspectives |
| Animism | Attributing human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces. |
| Theory of mind | The ability to understand thinking processes in one's self and others. |
| What happens by age 2, as children begin to use language more? | Children show increasing recognition that others have thoughts and emotions that can be contrasted with their own. |
| What happens by age 3? | Children know it is possible for them and others to imagine something that is not physically present, an understanding that becomes the basis of pretend play for many years to come. |
| What are 3-year-olds are better than 2-year-olds? | Understanding that others have thoughts and feelings that are different from their own. |
| What do 3 year olds have a hard time doing? | Take others' perspectives |
| What ability advances considerably from age 3 to 6? | Perspective-taking ability |
| How does a great deal of cultural learning take place in early childhood? | Through observing and working alongside parents or siblings |
| What type of contributions do children make during early childhood to their family? | Work Contributions |
| What are the 2 benefits children get from preschool and what are the results? | 1. Cognitive 2. Social: but effects are mixed and in some ways negative. |
| What are key features of high-quality preschool programs? | 1. Education and training of teachers 2. Class size and child-teacher ratio 3. Age-appropriate materials and activities 4 Teacher-child interactions |
| Preschools in Japan focus not on academic objectives but? | Rather on group play, so that collectivist Japanese values, such as cooperation and sharing, are reinforced. |
| What do early intervention programs have often result in? | 1. A rise in IQ that fades after a few years. 2. Some early interventions via preschool have had long-term positive effects on children's development, but the effects depend greatly on the quality of the program. |
| Child vocab at age 3? | 1,000 words |
| Child vocab at age 6? | 2,500 words |
| What age do children readily grasp the grammatical rules of their culture with few errors? | Age 4 |
| Pragmatics | Guide us in knowing what to say - and what not to say - in a given social situation |
| By what age are children sensitive to the characteristics of their conversational partner and will adjust their speech accordingly. | Age 4 |
| Whats the difference of cultures and their speech rules? | They all have their own rules for what kinds of speech can be used in what kinds of situations. |
| Effortful Control | Development of emotional self-regulation |
| What leads to in increase in prosocial behavior? | The capacity for empathy increases in early childhood |
| How do children learn morality? | Through modeling (i.e., observing the behavior of others and its consequences). |
| What is something children begin to show a capacity for? | Moral reasoning. |
| When do children learn gender identity? | Age 2 |
| When do children learn Gender Constancy? | Ages 6-7 |
| What are key agents of gender socialization? | 1. Parents, especially fathers 2. Conformity to gender roles is enforced by peers as well. |
| Self- Socialization | Once young children possess gender schemas, they seek to maintain consistency between their schemas and their behavior. (Acting like a boy) |
| Authoritative | high demands and high responsiveness |
| Authoritarian | high demandingness, low responsiveness |
| Permissive | low demandingness, high responsiveness |
| Disengaged | low demandingness, low responsiveness |
| In American standards what is equivaled with positive outcomes? | Authoritative |
| What do the effects of parenting on young children depend on? | Cultural context |
| What parenting style is very rare in non-Western cultures? | Authoritative: because parents expect that their authority will be obeyed without question and without requiring an explanation. |
| What do "only-children" do better than those with siblings? | "fare" |
| What kind of play do children engage in more in early childhood than in toddlerhood? | Cooperative pretend play |
| What peaks in toddlerhood? | Physical Aggression |
| When does physical aggression decrease? | When verbal aggression increases. |
| In early childhood, TV-viewing time per day varies from? In developed countries | 1 1/2 -3 hours |
| What promotes aggressive behavior in young children? | Violent TV |
| What kind of games to guys prefer, and what kind do girls prefer? | Boys: most often play electronic games involving fighting and sports Girls: prefer adventure and learning games. |
| Connection between kids and music? | children learn to connect these sounds with specific emotions |
| How many inches do kids grow in middle childhood? | 1. 2-3 inches (5-8 cm) per year in height 2. 5-7 Pounds (21/2-3 kg) per year in weight |
| When do children lose 20 teeth? | Middle childhood. Permys start to grow in. |
| What % of children become nearsighted during middle childhood? | 25% |
| What are benefits of well nourished children? | 1. more energetic 2. less anxious 3. show more positive emotion 4. score higher than malnourished children on a wide range of cognitive measures in middle childhood. |
| Where are rates of overweight and obesity most common? | In the most affluent regions (North America and Europe) |
| Where are rates of overweight and obesity at its lowest? | lowest in the poorest regions (Africa and Southeast Asia). |
| Main contributors to obesity? (3 list) | 1. Diets that include more fast food 2. High rates of television viewing 3. Genetics also makes a contribution. |
| Why is obesity bad for peers? | Increases the likelihood that a child will be excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. |
| What can obesity lead to? | 1. Diabetes 2. Blindness 3. Kidney failure 4. Stroke. |
| What is middle childhood an usually high time of? | Physical well-being |
| Whats the reason for low rates of illnesses and diseases in middle childhood? | 1. Increased immunization rates 2. Stronger immune systems 3. Better public health policies. |
| In middle childhood children are more what? And what are they better at? | Agile Better at anticipating situations that may cause injury. |
| Why do children's gross motor skills improve in middle childhood? | 1. Improved balance 2. Increased strength 3. Better coordination 4. Greater agility 5. Faster reaction time |
| As their gross motor development advances in middle childhood what improves? | Performance in a wide range of games and many of them participate in organized sports leagues. |
| What level of fine motor development is reached by middle childhood? What are the 2 main ones. | 1. Adult 2. Drawing and Writing |
| According to Piaget what level stage in middle childhood do children progress to from? | Preoperational to concrete operational. |
| What type of thinking leads concrete operational stage. | They learn to think more systematically and scientifically about how the world works and avoid cognitive errors. |
| Cognitive Advances in Middle Childhood? | 1. Ability to decenter (definitions please) 2. Ability to understand conservation 3. Improved classification skills 4. Understanding seriation 5. Ability to make transitive inferences. |
| IN middlechildhood how to children advance in attention focus? | Children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant |
| What are memory strategies? and when are they used | During middle childhood. 1. Rehearsal 2. Organization 3. Elaboration |
| What does intelligence testing first become a reliable predictor of? | later development in middle childhood. |
| What do critics complain about IQ tests? | IQ tests assess only a narrow range of abilities, and miss some of the most important aspects of intelligence, such as creativity. |
| When have IQ averages risen alot? | Substantially over the 20th century. |
| What are alternative theories of intelligence have sought to present a conception of intelligence that is much broader than the traditional one. | 1. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences 2. Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. |
| How many types of intelligence are in Gardners theory vs. Sternberg? | Gardners theory= 8 Sternber = 3 Neither theorist has been able to develop an effective way of assessing the intelligences they proposed. |
| What aids in language development, and adds to vocab? | Learning to read. |
| When is there is a fourfold increase in children's vocabularies? | Between the ages of 6 and 10 or 11, and the grammar of children's language use becomes more complex. |
| How can you see that middle childhood children are understanding pragmatics? | Can be seen vividly in children's use and appreciation of humor. |
| Pragmatics | Understanding the social context and conventions of language. |
| Metalinguistic skills | In the understanding of language, skills that reflect awareness of the underlying structure of knowledge. |
| When is becoming bilingual beneficial? | In the development of metalinguistic knowledge. |
| What % of children in developing countries do not attend primary school? | 20-40 |
| Why does school have important influences on children's social development? | it separates children from the world of adults and places them among same age peers. |
| How does school benefit parents? | Makes children less of an economic asset. |
| What determines children performance on international tests of academic performance? | economic development, not school philosophy |
| Whats a way children are learning a new way of processing language? | Reading |
| Where else can math be learned besides at school? | In a practical setting. |
| What are middle childhood emotional states and what is the reason for them? | generally a time of stability and contentment as emotional self-regulation becomes firmly established and emotional understanding advances. |
| Why do children in middlechildhood self understanding become more complex? | They engage in more social comparison once they enter school. |
| What is the main thing in middle childhood that children base their self concept off of? | Physical Appearance |
| Cultural differences in conceptions of the self, what are the 2 scholars distinguis themselves by? | 1. Independent self promoted by individualistic cultures 2. Interdependent self promoted by collectivistic cultures. |
| What happens to childrens task and play in middle childhood? | It becomes more segregated and roles become more sharply defined. |
| Whats the pattern of play across cultures? | Gender-specific groups takes place across cultures. |
| Why do children become more independent during middle childhood? | Because they and their parents move toward coregulation rather than parental dominance and control. |
| What is the relationship between conflict of siblings during middle childhood? | it Peaks. |
| Whats an important basis in friendships during middle childhood? | Similarity Trust |
| How does child play develop in middle childhood? | It becomes more complex and rule-based in this stage. |
| Seriation | Ability to arrange things in a logical order, such as shortest to longest, and thinnest to thickest or lightest to darkness. |
| Why does popularity and unpopularity becomes prominent in peer relations? | Once children develop the capacity for seriation and spend a considerable part of their day in age-graded schools. |
| Whats the relationship between aggression and rejected children? | Rejected children have the greatest problems in peer relations and the poorest long-term prospects for social development, mainly due to their aggressiveness. |
| What is a worldwide problem in middle childhood peer relations? | bullying |
| How many children in developing countries perform paid by the time they reach middle childhood, in a wide range of jobs ranging from agricultural work to factory work. | over 200 million |
| What does prosocial tv promote? | Sel-control Altruism |
Created by:
kdas