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Music Test 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Romantic Period | 1820 - 1900. Romantics resisted boundaries - consciously breaking away from tradiation. Concerns with free expression of their individual feelings |
| The Romantic Period was known as the | Age of the Virtuoso - it was the period of the starving artist. They traveled and were like rock stars |
| Beethoven | was the quinticiential Romantic |
| Expanse of music during the Romantic period | expanded from larger than life size of the symphony orchestra to the most intimate expressions of the solo or piano |
| Large scale works | orchestra glows. Massive symphonies, operas, etc. Composers explore all of the tonal resources/colors and various instrumental combinations of the orchestra |
| small scale works | small, intimate, songs, piano music, etc. Intended for at home music making/salon |
| Romantic style | explore extremes of emotion, unrequited love was a popular inspiration, small and large orchestras |
| Lied (Lieder for plural) | small scale work for solo vocalist and piano, Germany poetry sung with piano accompaniment, piano can depict a person, place, object, emotion - it is more than a mere accompaniment |
| Strophic | same melody is repeated for each stanza of text |
| through composed | melody changes for each stanza of text; Bohemian Rhapsody |
| Robert Schumann (1810-1856) | German composer, important composer of solo piano music & lieder among other genres, embodied the romantic personality, restless, disturbed, extreme highs and lows, mental disability |
| An important music critic, musician, composer, "The Year of the Song", marriage to Clara Wieck 1840 | Robert Schumann |
| The New Music Journal | magazine founded by Robert Schumann in 1843. It still is in publication today but under a different name |
| Franz Schubert (1797-1828) | born just outside Vienna, spend his career in Vienna; epitomizes the "starving artist"; prolific - wrote mostly for his friends (the Schubertiads); greatest contributions are his lieder, wrote great melodies, came to him easily |
| Elfking (1815) | Written by Franz Schubert, through-composed, based on poem by Johann Wolfgange Von Goetre (1749-1832), 5 characters: Dad, Son, Elfking, Narrator, and Horse(piano part) |
| song cycle | a group of songs (Lieder) connected by a poetic theme: love, or a story; song cycles are meant to be listened to in their entirety (like an old classic rock album) |
| In the Lovely Month of May | From a poet's love (Dicheterliebe) 1840, text setting, words like "blossom", birds chirping - you think it would be happy but the song is very depressing and slow, strophic, sense of longing and desire in his voice |
| A Poet's love (Dicheterliebe) | 1840, a cycle of 16 songs based upon poems about love; by Robert Schumann |
| Romantic Piano music | piano becomes stronger, larger, "more capable dynamically, more keys, composers explore extreme highs and extreme low registers |
| Character Piece | a short piece for solo piano, programmatic |
| program music | music depicts a person, place, thing, emotion, mood, etc. Purely instrumental - no vocals |
| Frederic Chopin | 1810 - 1849; polish pianist and composer, the "poet of the piano", spent his career in France- Paris, demonstrates nationalism in music |
| Nationalism | artist finds inspiration in their native culture |
| Rubato | robbing time - fluctuation, speeds up and slows down - Lang Lang |
| Mazurka Op 24 no. 4 | inspired by a Polish dance called the Mazurka, character piece, by Chopin |
| Carnaval, Op 9 | Set of character pieces, takes you through the different parts of a carnival party, character pieces connected by mood/emotion; written by Robert Schumann |
| Franz Liszt | 1811 - 1886, Hungarian composer/virtuoso pianist, reason why piano is the way it is today - rock star of his day, sound like he is playing piano with 4 hands |
| Program music (more in depth) | purely instrumental, depicts a person, place, thing, emotion, etc. Literary or pictorial associations provided by the composers. Musical works have descriptive titles i.e. "Woodland Sketches" |
| absolute Music | purely instrumental, music that has no pictorial, literary, or dramatic program. Pure music. Musical works have general titles i.e. Symphony o 3, Op 45 |
| program symphony | a multi-movement symphonic work, which is programmatic |
| symphonic poem/tone poem | one movement instrumental work; programmatic |
| Hector Berlioz (1803-69) | French composer, active in Paris, was in love with Harriet Smitsen, he wrote to her and basically stalked her and they met when she attended one of his shows- eventually got married |
| Symphonie Fantastique (1830) | The Fantastic Symphony: five episodes in the life of an artists, program symphony in 5 movements, a semi-autobiographical work, he fell in love with an actress and kept writing to her, symphonic work reflects his emotion of despair & heartbreak,Berlioz |
| Idee Fixe | a fixed idea (a recurrent musical theme) |
| Movement IV March to the Scaffold | by Berlioz, idee fixe- supposed to be a love sick man who took drugs as suicide and he didn't die, but fell into a hallucinogenic state. March to the guillotine- his head rolls off. March-like, sonata like |
| Bedrich Smetana (1824 0 1884) | chzech nationalist, wrote "The Moldau" from my country 1874-1879, symphonic poems, about a river |
| Romantic symphony | multi-movement (typically 4) genre for orchestra |
| Movements in Romantic symphony | 1. sonata-allegro, lengthy, intro development; 2. may be slow and lyrical or fast and playful 3. dance-like, more moody, very light and sad scherzo 4. usually sonata allegro, can end triumphantly or sad and reflective, feature lyrical themes |
| Johannes Brahams (1833-1897) | German composer, considered a traditionalist, much can be done in tradition of the classical masters, supported absolute music, wrote 4 symphonies, Romantic in length, but classical in form |
| Musical Messiah | Johannas Brahms was referred to as the musical messiah by Robert Schumann |
| Violin Concerto, op 77, movement III (1878) | Brahms, written for violin virtuoso, Joseph Joachim, Rondo form based upon a gypsy tune , romantic solo concerto |
| Romantic Opera | opera seria and opera buffa still written, Bel Canto Sytle, no amplifications or mics, purely vocalists volume |
| Bel Canto style | emphasis on beautiful singing, features florid melodic lines by voices with great agility and pure tone |
| Guiseppe Verdi (1831-1901) | Italian operatic composer, specialized in Italian opera (seria and buffa), employs the bel canto singing style, music is lyrical, the orchestra never overpowers the voice |
| Viva Verdi | Italy liberating themselves from Austrian rule, Verdi was a national. His early operas make convert reference to Italy's independence, Also an acronym for the king of Italy - Verdi's late operas were less musical, highly expressive - recetitive and aria |
| Verdi, Rigoletto (1851) Act III excerpts | romantic operas about tragedy, main characters usually die at the end, Scenes feature: Duke (a womanizer), Maddalena (a love interest) Rigolette (employed by the Duke) and Gilda(Rigolett's daughter), bel canto, quartet |
| the Quartet "Bell Figlia" | Verdi, Rigoletto - features different musical perspectives simultaneously (polyphonic) - La Donna Mobile - Gilda sacrifices herself to save the Duke |
| Richard Wagner | most important German composer after Beethoven, Germanic operatic composer, specialized in opera, 1848 - revolution, Wagner exiled from Germany, settled in Switzerland for 12 years, allowed to return to Germany in 1860 |
| Opera and drama 1851 | Wagner's book, which illustrates his theories about opera and theater |
| Gesamtkuntwerk | a concert he developed, a complete work of art where music, drama, dancing, art, politics, religion, and mythology are fused |
| Wagner and the music drama | rejected traditional aria and rectitive, treated the voice and orchestra as equals(used by a very large orchestra), 80 or more person orchestra, opera utilized few characters, sometimes orchestra overpowers singers |
| Leitmotif | leading motive. A musical fragment that represents a person, place, thing, emotion, etc. *Indiana jones - don't need to see the person/place/thing- you know it is their from the lietmotive |
| unending melody/endless melody | Wagner creates long musical lines by avoiding cadences, music dramas are lengthy - 4-5 hours long from the curtain rise to its fall, continuous music, slow moving |
| Bayreuth | a theater built specifically for Wagner with the financial help of king Ludwig of Bavaria. Performances of Wagner's music dramas only (even to this day) |
| The Ring of the Nibelung (1848-1874) | a cycle of 4 music dramas based upon Nordic Mythology, Wagner always wrote his own libretti (text), "The Ring" meant to help unite the German people, plot: Devastation brought on by the lust for wealth and power - the curse of the ring- love redeems curse |
| Wagner's Die Walkure (1856)Act III | From Ring of the Nibelung, 2nd music drama in "the ring" cycle, act III opening plot: Brunnhilde, fleeing from her father, Wotan, tries to hide pregnant Sieglinde (who had an incestuous relationship with her brother which she didn't know), "Ride"leitmotif |
| Ballet | a dance form featuring group or solo dancing with music, costumes, and scenery, elevated to an independent art form in 18th century |
| 19th century innovations to Ballet | more athletic, form fitting, en pointe daning |
| Tchaikovsky, The Nutcracker (1892) | exoticism, Arab Dance, Russian dance - main nutcracker song, sugar plum fairy, Russian ballet (elite) |
| Trepak | Russian dance, ternary form |
| Exoticism | opposite of nationalism, composer is influenced by the culture outside of their own |
| Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) | Italian operatic composer, exoticism, Madame Butterfly |
| Madame Butterfly | Bel canto, highlight beauty of human voice, aria, soaring melodic lines |
| verismo | truth, realism, subject matter derives from everyday life, characters are treated in a down-to-earth fashion |
Created by:
nicolefassak