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Psy Learning Ch. 9
Psychology of Learning Ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| avoidance theory of punishment | Punishment involving a type of avoidance conditioning in which the avoidance response consists of any behavior other than the behavior being punished |
| conditioned suppression theory of punishment | The assumption that punishment does not weaken a behavior, but instead produces an emotional response that interferes with the occurrence of the behavior |
| exposure and response prevention (ERP) | A method of treating obsessive-compulsive behavior that involves prolonged exposure to anxiety-arousing events while not engaging in the compulsive behavior pattern that reduces the anxiety |
| extrinsic punishment | Punishment that is not an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished but that simply follows the behavior |
| generalized (or generalized secondary) punisher | An event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with many other punishers |
| intrinsic punishment | Punishment that is an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished |
| learned helplessness | A decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events |
| Premack principle of punishment | A low-probability behavior (LPB) can be used to punish a high-probability behavior (HPB) |
| primary (or unconditioned) punisher | Any event that is innately punishing |
| response cost | A form of negative punishment involving the removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a behavior |
| secondary (or conditioned) punisher | An event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with some other punisher |
| time-out | A form of negative punishment involving the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period of time following the occurrence of a problem behavior |
| two-process theory of avoidance | The theory that avoidance behavior is the result of two processes: (1) classical conditioning, in which a fear response comes to be elicited by a CS (2) operant conditioning, in which moving away from the CS is negatively reinforced by a reduction in fear |
| The second process in Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance involves ___. | negative reinforcement resulting from the reduction of fear |
| One difficulty for two-process theory of avoidance is that ___. | avoidance responses are difficult to extinguish |
| According to the anxiety conservation hypothesis, avoidance responses persist because ___. | avoidance occurs too quickly for the fear to extinguish |
| Although Hau was only bitten once by a dog many years ago, he nevertheless persistently avoids dogs whenever possible. According to the anxiety conservation hypothesis, Hau's fear of dogs doesn't extinguish because ___. | he avoids dogs so quickly that the fear doesn't have time to extinguish |
| For experimental avoidance conditioning to be equivalent to a human phobia, the animal would have to consistently avoid the ___. | CS |
| According to Stampfl, a critical factor in the maintenance of human phobias is ___. | early avoidance of the aversive stimulus |
| Constantly worrying about whether you locked the door as you left your apartment this morning is an example of a(n) ___. | obsession |
| For Janine, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, thoughts about possible germs on her body produces a(n) ___. | increase in anxiety |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorders often arise ___. | during times of stress |
| Janice is bothered by persistent thoughts that she has left her apartment door unlocked. This though pattern is best classified as a(n) ___. | respondent |
| Specific is to general as ___ is to ___. | response cost; time out |
| Andrea works in a group home for adults. There is a 'marble system' that is used to reinforce and punish the behavior of the residents. The residents do not like the red marbles (punisher). In this example, red marbles can be considered ___. | secondary punishers, extrinsic punishers and generalized punishers |
| Tom yells at his parrot whenever it squawks, because the squawking bothers the neighbors in the next apartment. Why is this procedure less than ideal? | the parrot could be come very passive, the parrot might still squawk when Tom isn't home and the parrot might become fearful of Tom |
| Punishing your dog for chewing the newspaper might only teach the dog ___. | to avoid you and to not chew the paper when you are around |
| According to the text, the improvements in mood resulting from punishment may be due to ___. | disruption of an ongoing state of agitation |
| For punishment to be maximally effective, it should be ___. | consistent, immediate and intense enough to stop the behavior |
| Punishment is generally more effective when it is ___. | intense enough at the outset to stop the behavior |
| A recommended treatment for procrastination on a task is to ___. | work on the task in very brief daily sessions |
| According to the conditioned suppression theory of punishment, punishment does not weaken a behavior but instead ___. | produces an emotional response that interferes with its occurrence |
| Contradicting Skinner's conditioned suppression theory of punishment, ___ forms of punishment are capable of suppressing behavior for ___ periods of time. | strong; long |
| Dan hates doing his taxes. As a result, when the tax deadline is approaching, Dan seems to do everything but his taxes. He cleans his apartment, washes his car and takes on extra shifts at work. This behavior is consistent with which theory of punishment? | avoidance theory |
| Vanessa is highly likely to shop and very unlikely to do laundry. Which of the following would be a contingency of punishment for Vanessa, according to the Premack principle? | shopping --> doing laundry |
| A meteor hurtling out of the sky and destroying your house is most clearly described as an example of ___. | noncontingent punishment |
| The symptoms of experimental neurosis that Masserman discovered included ___. | normally quiet cats became agitated, normally active cats became passive and withdrawn, and counter-phobic responses to cues associated with feeding |
| Interpreted from a behavioral perspective, the post traumatic model of DID views the development of alter personalities as a(n) ___. | avoidance response |
| The ___ of DID suggest that the disorder arises as a consequence of avoidance learning, while the ___ of DID suggest that the disorder arises as a consequence of shaping and reinforcement. | post traumatic model; sociocognitive model |
| According to Stampfl, an important factor that underlies the development of ___ avoidance responses in phobias is ___. | early; effort reduction |
| For experimental avoidance conditioning to be equivalent to a human phobia, the animal would have to consistently avoid the ___. | CS |
| Evidence that recovered memories of trauma might sometimes be false includes the fact that the memories ___. | sometimes emerge in a gradual manner |
| According to he Premack approach to punishment, a(n) ___ behavior can be used to punish a(n) ___ behavior. | low probability; high probability |
| Which of the following behaviors will occur after Sammy was yelled at for throwing his food? | He will become more sociable, be in a better mood, and will pay attention to those around him |
| When Rita was in school, she was teased by a classmate. The teachers ignored her pleas for help. Seligman would predict that, as time passes, Ria is likely to ___ her efforts to stop the teasing. In other words, she will begin to suffer from ___. | decrease; learned helplessness |
| Allen, who was bullied as a child, feels anxious whenever he sees a gang of teenagers walking toward him, and as a result usually crosses the street to avoid them. As worded, this example seems to fit well with the ___ o avoidance. | two-process theory |
| Side effects of punishment can sometimes include ___. | improvements in mood and enhanced social behavior |
| After being bitten by the neighbors' dog when trying to swipe apples from their apple tree, Midori became so fearful that she lost interest in the apples. This example best fits with the ___ theory of punishment. | conditioned suppression |
Created by:
Graceful666