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Soc 1010 CH 9 and 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Housework | The unpaid work of maintaining a household and caring for children, if present. |
| Second Shift | Doing unpaid housework as well as maintaining a paying job. |
| 3 Reasons for Gender Difference in Earnings | 1) Type of Work 2) Family Responsibilities 3) Discrimination |
| Sexual Harassment | Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome. |
| Title IX | Federal legislation passed in 1972 mandating equal opportunities regardless of sex in academic and athletic programs. |
| Global Perspective | A view of the larger world and our society's place in it. |
| First reason Global Perspective is important. | Societies all over the world are increasingly interconnected, making for traditional distinctions between “us” and “them: less and less valid. |
| Second reason Global Perspective is important | A global perspective is important because many human problems that we face in the US are far more serious elsewhere |
| Third reason Global perspective is important | Thinking globally is important because studying other societies is an excellent way to learn more. |
| Most developed countries def. | Industrial nations that are relatively rich. |
| Most dev. countries stats | Per capita income of at least $10,000 Almost 4/5 the worlds income earned in high income countries Examples: hungary, us, Canada, japan, W. Europe 64 of 194 nations, 25% of land, 22% people About 75% of population live in cities |
| Less Dev. countries def. | Nations characterized by limited industrialization and moderate to low personal income. |
| Less dev. countries stats | Per capita income between $10000 and $3000 Examples: China, india, turkey, brazil, E. Europe 73 nations, 55% land, 59% people about 2/3 live in cities |
| Least Developed Countries def | Nations characterized by limited industrialization and moderate to low personal income. |
| Least Developed Countries stats | Per capita income between $10000 and $3000 Examples: China, india, turkey, brazil, E. Europe 73 nations, 55% land, 59% people about 2/3 live in cities |
| Countries in Poverty | Per capital below $3000 Examples: Haiti, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone 57 nations, 20% land, 19% people 1/3 live in cities |
| Wallerstein's World View Approach | • World System—the global economy as an interdependent ststem of economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically uneaqual nations |
| Divide the World into 3 Classes | 1. Core Countries—The worlds upper class. Semi peripheral Countries—The worlds middle class. ( Less developed, middle income countries. Peripheral Countries—The worlds lower class ( Less developed, low n come countries) |
| How do low income nations become middle income nations? | Need factories to produce goods, not just produce raw materials and food Attract foreign investment Nationwide pursuit of economic goals |
| How do middle income nations transform into high income nations? | Develop advanced technology Need access to affluent markets. |
| How do high income countries lose their upper class status? | Deindustrialization—loss of numerous factory jobs as a result of relocating a massive number of manufacturing plants to peripheral countries. Reindustrialization—the proliferation of unstable, low skilled, low paying jobs. |
| Sex | The biological distinction between men and women. |
| Sexual orientation | the manner in which people experience sexual arousal and achieve sexual pleasure Asexual BIsexual HOMOsexual HETEROsexual |
| Gender | the significance a society attaches to biological categories of male and female |
| Androgyny | Masculine←---------------------------------→ Feminine |
| 4 sources of gender socialization | 1. Family 2. Peer groups 3. Education 4. Mass media |
| Beauty Myth | the belief that a “successful” woman is a woman who embraces traditional notions of femininity epically the traditional standards of physical appearance |
| Wolf | 3 Elements of "beauty myth" |
| 1st Element of Beauty Myth | 1. Society teaches women to measure their importance in terms of their physical appearance vet society sets unrealistic standards of beauty. |
| 2nd Element of Beauty Myth | 2. Men assess women’s beauty which drives women toward living to please men. |
| 3rd Element of Beauty Myth | 3. Men are primed to seek and possess physically attractive women. |
| Gender stratification | the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between two sexes. |
| Minority | a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control over their lives than members of a dominant of majority group |
| Sexism | the ideology that one sex is superior to the other |
| Matrix of domination | the cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender, and social class as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status |
| Borderlands | The area of common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States (p. 220) |
| Colonialism | The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period (p. 208) |
| Corporate welfare | Tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations. (222) |
| Dependency theory | An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain. (210) |
| Globalization | The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. (210) |
| Modernization | THe far-reaching process through which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. (214) |
| Modernization theory | A functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations. (215) |
| Multinational corporation | A commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world. (213) |
| Neocolonialism | Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries. (208) |
| Remittances | fThe monies that immigrants return to their families of origin. Also called migradollars. (221) |
| World systems analysis | The global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations (208) |
| Conflict perspective | Sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on this theory in viewing the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that are controlled and exploited. |
| Example of a country Wallerstein would consider a core country within the world economic system? | Germany |
| Which sociological perspective argues that multinational corporations can actually help the developing nations of the world? | The functionalist perspective. |
| Which term is used by contemporary social scientists to describe the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies? | modernization |
| In at least 22 nations around the world, the most affluent 10 percent receives at least what percentage of all income? | 40 percent. |
| Karuna Chanana Ahmed, an anthropologist from India who has studied developing nations, calls which group the most exploited of oppressed people? | women |
| Which term is used to refer to Mexico's large, impoverished majority, most of whom have brown skin and a mixed racial lineage due to intermarriage? | mestizo |
| In Mexico, women now constitute what percentage of the labor force? | 48 percent |
| Which term refers to the foreign-owned factories established just across the border in Mexico, where the companies that own them don't have to pay taxes or provide insurance or benefits for their workers? | maquiladoras |
| Colonial domination established patterns of economic exploitation leading to former colonies remaining dependent on more industrialized nations. Such continuing dependence and foreign domination are referred to as | neocolonialism |
| According to Immanuel Wallerstein's analysis, the US is at the ________ while neighboring Mexico is on the _______ of the world economic system. | core, semiperiphery |
| Wallerstein's world systems analysis is the most widely used version of | dependency theory |
| ____ factories are factories found throughout the developing world that are run by multinational corporations. | Global |
| As _____ industries become a more important part of the international marketplace, many companies have concluded that the low costs of overseas operations more than offset the expense of transmitting information around the world. | service |
| Viewed from a(n) _______ perspective, the combination of skilled technology and management provided by multinationals and the relatively cheap labor available in developing nations is ideal for a global enterprise | functionalist |
| In 2000 the United Nations launched the _______ _______; its objective is to eliminate extreme poverty worldwide by the year 2015. | Millennium Project |
| Modernization theory reflects which perspective? | functionalist |
| At the top of the color hierarchy in Mexico are the _____, the ten percent of the population who are typically White, well-educated members of the business and intellectual elites, and who have familial roots in Spain. | criollos |
| Which term refers to the area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States? | borderlands |
| Affirmative action | Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. (237) |
| Amalgamation | The process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group. (241) |
| Anti-Semitism | Anti-Jewish prejudice. (250) |
| Apartheid | A former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites. (240) |
| Assimilation | The process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. (214) |
| Black power | A political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions. (243) |
| Color-blind racism | The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo. (233) |
| Contact hypothesis | an interactionist perspective which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice. (239) |
| Discrimination | the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons. (233) |
| Ethnic group | A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. (229) |
| Ethnocentrism | The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. (232) |
| Exploitation theory | A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism. (238) |
| Genocide | The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. (240) |
| Glass ceiling | An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity. (235) |
| Institutional discrimination | The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. (236) |
| Minority group | A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs. (229) |
| Model, If ideal, minority | A subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to political and violent confrontations with Whites. (245) |
| Pluralism | Mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice. (241) |
| Prejudice | A negative attitude toward an entire category of people often an ethnic or racial minority. (232) |
| Racial formation | A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed and destroyed. (230) |
| Racial group | A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance. (229) |
| Racial profiling | Any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior. (238) |
| Racism | The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior. (232) |
| Segregation | The physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group. (240) |
| Stereotype | An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group. (232) |
| Symbolic ethnicity | An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage. (250) |
| Transnational | An immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement. (251) |
| White privilege | Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are White. (235) |
| The largest racial minority group in the US is | African Americans |
| Racism is a form of | prejudice |
| Suppose that a white employer refuses to hire a qualified Vietnamese American but hires an inferior White applicant. The decision is an act of | discrimination |
| Suppose that a workplace requires that only English be spoken, even when it is not a business necessity to restrict the use of other languages. This requirement would be an example of | institutional discrimination |
| Working together as computer programmers for an electronics firm, a Hispanic woman and a Jewish man overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's strengths and talents. This scenario is an example of | The contact hypothesis |
| Intermarriage over several generations, resulting in various groups combining to form a new group would be an example of | amalgamation |
| Alphonso D'Abruzzo changed his name to Alan Alda. His action is an example of | assimilation |
| In which of the following racial or ethnic groups has one teenager in every six attempted suicide? | Native Americans |
| Advocates of Marxist class theory argue that the basis for racial subordination in the United States lies within the capitalist economic system. Another representation of this point of view is reflected in which of the following theories? | exploitation |
| Sociologists consider race and ethnicity to be ____ statuses, since people are born into racial and ethnic groups. | ascribed |
| The one-drop rule was a vivid example of the social ____ of race--the process by which people come to define a group as a race based in part on physical characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic factors. | construction |
| _____ are unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group. | stereotypes |
| When White Americans can use credit cards without suspicion and browse through stores without being shadowed by security guards, they are enjoying | White privelege |
| ____ refers to positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. | Affirmative action |
| After the Civil War, the Southern states passed "____" laws to enforce official segregation, and the Supreme Court upheld them as constitutional in 1896. | Jim Crow |
| In the 1960s, proponents of ___ ____ rejected the goal of assimilation into White, middle-class society. They defended the beauty and dignity of Black and African cultures and supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions. | Black power |
| Asian Americans are held up as a(n) ____ or ____ minority group, supposedly because despite past suffering from prejudice and discrimination, they have succeeded without resorting to political and violent confrontations with whites. | model, ideal |
| Together, the various groups included under the general catagory ____ represent the largest minority group in the US. | Latinos OR Hispanics |
| Sociologists use the term_____ to refer to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often a racial minority. | prejudice |
Created by:
maddie.humphreys