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Chapter 8 Memory
Chapter 8 Memory Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | Learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be retrieved |
| Recall | retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time. |
| Example of a Recall test | fill in the blank questions |
| Recognition | Identifying items previously learned |
| Example of a Recognition test | multiple choice questions |
| Relearning | learning something more quickly when you learn it a second of later time. |
| Example of Relearning | Studying for a final exam |
| Implicit memories include | procedural memory and associations among stimuli |
| Procedural Memory is... | Automatic |
| Classical conditioned associations are... | things you associate other things from past experiences |
| Automatic efforts process information about (3) | space, time, and frequency |
| space | visualizing the location of what you are looking for |
| time | noting event sequences |
| frequency | keeping track of how many times something happens |
| where does effortful processing begin | sensory memory |
| sensory memory | records a momentary image of scene or an echo of a sound |
| iconic memory | a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli |
| short term memory can retain _______ bits of information | seven |
| young adults have more ______ | working memory capacity |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar manageable units. |
| mnemoics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| peg word system | harnesses our superior visual imagery skill. associate words with items that are easily remembered |
| hierarchies | composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts |
| spacing effect | encoding is distributed over time |
| massed practice (cramming) | can produce short term learning |
| distributed practice | produces better long term recall |
| testing effect | repeated self testing |
| _____ _____ and _____ _____ beat cramming and rereading | spaced study, self-assessment |
| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of worlds |
| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words |
| If new information is not _______ or ______ to our experience, we have trouble processing it. | meaningful, related |
| self reference effect | information deemed relevant to you is processed more deeply and remains more accessible |
| frontal lobes and your hippocampus do what | processes and stores your explicit memories |
| the hippocampus is equivalent to a | save button |
| hippocampus | explicit memories for facts and episodes are processed in the hippocampus and fed to other brain regions for storage |
| with left hippocampus damage people have trouble | remembering verbal information |
| with right hippocampus damage people have trouble | recalling visual designs and locations |
| during sleep the hippocampus | processes memories for later retrieval |
| processing sights for explicit memories | hippocampus and frontal lobes |
| cerebellum | forms and stores implicit memories created by classical conditioning |
| basal ganglia | deep brain structures involved in motor movements, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills |
| processing sights for implicit memories | basal ganglia, cerebellum |
| infantile amnesia | conscious memory for the first three years is blank |
| 2 reasons why we have infantile amnesia | 1) we use words that nonspeaking children have not learned. 2) hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature |
| structure for emotion related memory formation | amygdala |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| long term potentiation (ltp) | provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations |
| drugs that block ltp interfere with ___ | learning |
| retrieval cues | associating bits of information when you encode a memory |
| priming | activations, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| mood congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| serial postion effect | our tendency to recall bet the last and first items in a list |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| positive transfer | old information often facilitates our learning of new information |
| repression | theory. basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| encoding failure | information never entered our memory system because we were not paying attention to it or the information was entered inaccurately |
| storage decay | information fades from our memory |
| retrieval failure | we cannot access stored information accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting |
| reconsolidation | replacing original memories with a slightly modified version |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
Created by:
jrr409