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Psy Learning Ch. 8
Psychology of Learning Ch. 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anticipatory contrast | The process whereby the rate of response varies inversely with an upcoming (“anticipated”) change in the rate of reinforcement |
| behavioral contrast | A change in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule produces an opposite change in the rate of response on another component |
| differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) | Reinforcement of any behavior other than a target behavior that is being extinguished |
| discrimination training | As applied to operant conditioning, the differential reinforcement of responding in the presence of one stimulus (the SD) and not another |
| discriminative stimulus for extinction (SΔ) | A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement |
| errorless discrimination training | A discrimination training procedure that minimizes the number of errors (i.e., nonreinforced responses to the SΔ) and reduces many of the adverse effects associated with discrimination training |
| extinction | The nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of that response |
| extinction burst | A temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented |
| fading | The process of gradually altering the intensity of a stimulus |
| generalization gradient | A graphic description of the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the SD and vary along a continuum |
| multiple schedule | A complex schedule consisting of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence, each resulting in reinforcement and each having a distinctive SD |
| negative contrast effect | The process whereby an increase in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule produces a decrease in the rate of response on the other component |
| partial reinforcement effect | The process whereby behavior that has been maintained on an intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement extinguishes more slowly than behavior that has been maintained on a continuous schedule |
| peak shift effect | Following discrimination training, the peak of a generalization gradient will shift from the SD to a stimulus that is further removed from the SΔ |
| positive contrast effect | The process whereby a decrease in rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule produces an increase in the rate of response on the other component |
| resistance to extinction | The extent to which responding persists after an extinction procedure has been implemented |
| resurgence | The reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement |
| spontaneous recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period after extinction |
| stimulus control | A situation in which the presence of a discriminative stimulus reliably affects the probability of a behavior |
| stimulus discrimination | In operant conditioning, the tendency for an operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimulus than another |
| stimulus generalization | In operant conditioning, the tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to an SD |
| A decrease in the rate of wheel running because it is no longer reinforced is an example of ___. | an extinction process |
| A temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented is called ___. | an extinction burst |
| Curtis finds that his girlfriend is quite uncommunicative this morning. Given what we know about the side effects of extinction, which of the following behavior patterns would we expect Curtis to display? | an increase in his attempts to communicate with her |
| Increases in emotional behavior, aggression and resurgence are side effects of ___. | extinction |
| Side effects of extinction include ___. | 1) increase in emotional behavior 2) increase in aggression 3) increase in variability of the behavior |
| Alex has just lost his job. If Alex found his job reinforcing, what might be a temporary consequence of losing it? | depression |
| A longer history of reinforcement tends to ___. | increase resistance to extinction |
| One pigeon has for several years received food each time it lands on your balcony in the morning. Another pigeon has only recently started receiving food in this manner. If you now stop feeding these pigeons, ___. | the first pigeon will likely persist for a longer time than the second pigeon |
| One a lever pressing task, a larger magnitude reinforcer will ___ subsequent resistance to extinction. | increase or decrease |
| A very hungry dog will likely show ___ resistance to extinction than a less hungry dog. | more |
| Resistance to extinction can be ___ by providing ___. | lowered; a discriminative stimulus for extinction |
| When Karen stopped paying attention to her daughter's tantrums, they were gone by the end of the day. They reappeared the next morning, as well as on subsequent mornings. Chances are that each time the tantrums reappeared, they were ___ than before. | weaker |
| I ignore Trevor whenever he complains about his fellow workers; I pay attention to him when he is saying something nice about them. This is an example of a ___ procedure. | DRO |
| Amelie ignores her son when he talks with his mouth full, and she speaks to him when he talks to her after he has finished chewing. This is an example of a ___ procedure. | DRO |
| Functional communication training is a version of a ___ procedure in which a child is taught to communicate his or her needs ____. | DRO; in a socially appropriate manner |
| The term ___ means that the probability of a behavior is reliably affected by the presence or absence of a(n) ___. | stimulus control; SD |
| The term stimulus control refers to the ___. | reliable occurrence of a behavior in the presence of an SD |
| The parrot always squawks when its owner enters the room. This is best described as an example of ___. | stimulus control |
| On a discrimination training task with pigeons, key pecks are reinforced in the presence of the ___ and not in the presence of the ___. | SD, Sdelta |
| According to the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient shifts from the ___ to a stimulus that is further removed from the ___. | SD, Sdelta |
| One explanation for the peak shift effect is that the SD is perceived as ___. | somewhat similar to the Sdelta |
| The difference between a chained schedule and a multiple schedule is that the latter ___. | involves more reinforcers |
| In a positive contrast effect, a decrease in the rate of ___ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by an increase in the rate of ___ on the other component. | reinforcement; response |
| With the blue key, a pigeon earns food on a VI 200. With the red key, it earns food on a VI 600. The VI 600 is changed to a VI 100. The rate of response on the VI 200 schedule will ___, which is known as a(n) ___ contrast effect. | decrease; negative |
| Mohammed loved watching television until summer began. During the summer, although he still watched television, he found reading to be much more interesting than it previously was. This seems similar to a(n) ____ contrast effect. | positive |
| Colin Wilson, in proposing the concept of St. Neot' margin, suggested that difficulties instill our lives with a sense of meaning by forcing us to ___. | concentrate |
| What represents the largest barrier to implement pigeons in search-and-rescue operations or quality-control procedures for factories? | people aren't comfortable with trusting these 'decisions' to pigeons |
| Guthrie's theory of learning is very much a ___ theory. | stimulus control |
| Leaving the house each day at exactly 8:05 is an example of ___. | stimulus control |
| What 'problem gambler' will have the most difficult time quitting? | Jacques, who has been gambling daily for 20 years, and wins big approximately once per month. |
| Generalization gradient is to discrimination gradient as ___ is to ___. | flat; steep |
| Zakir's mother tels him that he will no longer receive extra money (over and above his allowance) when he asks for it. Nevertheless, each day for the next three weeks, Zakir asks for extra money. What is the most likely reason for this persistence? | In the past, he received extra money only occasionally when he asked for it. |
| Becoming depressed following the break up of a relationship can be seen as a result of the process of ___. | extinction |
| "You don't appreciate what you've got until you're about to lose it." This statement best describes a(n) ___. | anticipatory contrast effect |
| Old is to ___ as new is to ___. | resurgence; shaping |
| Frustration is often the result of ___. | extinction |
| Lissa's dog, Taffy, begs for food at the dinner table every night. Lissa refuses to give Taffy any more food when she begs. Lissa has noticed that Taffy's begging has decreased, but is not totally gone. At this point, the behavior of begging has been ___. | partially extinguised |
| In anticipatory contrast, rate of response ___. | varies inversely with an upcoming change in rate of reinforcement |
| Karen is upset with her husband Rick, and as a result she is not laughing at his knock-knock jokes over dinner. Given what we know about the side effects of extinction, what might we expect Rick to do? | telling different types of jokes and becoming agitated are both possible |
| Reinforcement of any behavior other than the target behavior that is being extinguished is known as ___. | differential reinforcement of other behavior |
| Dwayne has little interest in his girlfriend except when he perceives that she is becoming interested some other guy. This is best described as an example of a(n) ___ contrast effect. | anticipatory |
Created by:
Graceful666