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Equine Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 types of equine infectious diseases | bacterial, viral, protozoan, fungal and parasitic |
| What type is botulism | bacterial |
| What is botulism also called | shaker foal syndrome in young and forage poisoning in adults |
| Ways for botulism to come about | adult stick head in round bale that had lost nutrition value and started growing bacteria |
| Cause of botulism | Clostridium botulinum |
| Body system affected with botulism | neurologic, most end up downed |
| Transmission of botulism | ingestion (hay bale), wound contamination (navel after birth) |
| Clx of botulism | creeping paralysis that begins at head and moves caudally. Unique neurologic signs. Inability to swallow, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis (jello and head down, after nursing milk pours out nose) |
| Px of botulism | vaccine available |
| Time lapse for botulism | very small in foal, once exposed has a couple days before dead without tx |
| What type is lyme disease | bacterial |
| Cause of lyme disease | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Life cycle of lyme disease | 2 year life cycle |
| Primary vector of lyme | deer tick |
| Body system affected with lyme | musculoskeletal, ocular and neurologic. Hard to diagnose |
| Clx of lyme | low-grade fever, depression, stiffness, lameness, loss of appetite, jt swelling and eye problems |
| Tx for lyme | 2 year life cycle, so hard to keep on antibiotics for that long |
| Px for lyme | insecticide use (no equine tick control) no equine vaccine, so some use small animal product. We don’t know for sure that it will help |
| Horse with lyme | dead end host so can’t pass it on, but can harbor for long time |
| Type Potomac Horse fever | bacterial |
| Cause of Potomac horse fever | Neorickettsia risticii |
| Life cycle of Potomac horse fever | lives inside trematodes (flukes) that infect snails |
| Common time to see Potomac horse fever | fall, helps in diagnosis bc time of year will point towards it |
| Body system for Potomac horse fever | GI, musculoskeletal, reproductive |
| Clx for Potomac horse fever | profuse runny diarrhea, 104/105 fevers, toxemia, abortion and laminitis |
| Px for Potomac horse fever | only is Merial vaccine, but only 70-80% effective. Benefit is even if get sick, will be easier to treat if received vaccine |
| Areas where Potomac horse fever are seen | wet areas because of snail host and organism survival |
| Type of Salmonella | bacterial |
| Is Salmonella zoonotic | YES |
| Cause of Salmonella | Salmonella agona, S. Newport, S. anatum, S. Krefeld, S. typhimurium |
| Why is Salmonella very common problem in hospital settings | very contagious |
| 3 types of Salmonella | carrier, mild clinical and acute clinical |
| Carrier state of Salmonella | shed-able to not only other horses but people and not showing clx signs |
| Clx of Salmonella | profuse foul odored diarrhea, abdominal pain, pronounced neutropenia and often laminitis |
| Body system Salmonella affects | GI |
| Testing for Salmonella | 5 daily fecals negative to say doesn’t have it |
| Type for Strangles | bacterial |
| Name for strangles | shipping fever |
| Cause of strangles | streptococcus equi |
| Is immunity from getting strangles enough to protect life long? | no, because so many strains |
| Transmission for strangles | highly! Contagious, nasal secretion, fomites, persists in environment for long periods of time (snot on post, will live 30days. On water, up to 60days) |
| Body system affected for strangles | upper respiratory (neck and up) and lymphadic (head and neck) |
| Clx of strangles | sudden high persistent fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, abscess of submandibular lymph nodes |
| What is bastard or metatstatic strangles | abscessation of kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, liver, brain and lung. When organism entered blood stream and traveled to other body organs. These horses usually just die immediately b/c abscess break open in abdomen |
| Where does carrier state of strangles reside | in guttural pouch. In throat, can see slit opening and there’s a cave chamber. Seldom get sick, but affect others |
| Strangles morbidity and mortality | high morbidity, low mortality |
| Px for strangles | pinnacle IN vaccine. And then injectable. Both are not highly effective |
| Strangles | isolate and keep spread down with husbandry on our side |
| Type of tetanus | bacterial |
| Name for tetanus | lockjaw |
| Cause of tetanus | Clostridium tetani |
| Way for horse to get tetanus | puncture wound gets infected |
| Where is tetanus organism | in feces of horse |
| Is tetanus spread to each other | no, but environment exposes all |
| Body system for tetanus | neuromuscular |
| Clx for tetanus | saw horse appearance, muscle stiffness, hypersensitivity, prolapsed 3rd eyelid. Recumbent |
| Px for tetanus | tetanus toxoid, very cheap! $3 cheaper to prevent then to treat |
| Length of time antitoxin lasts to protect from tetanus | less than 2 weeks |
| Toxoid booster | given, then at 3 weeks. Then annually |
| Tetanus antitoxin | produced in serum of other horses, so runs risk of contracting tetanus when receive it |
| Type of equine proliferative enteropathy | bacterial |
| Cause of equine proliferative enteropathy | Lawsonia intracellularis |
| Body system of equine proliferative enteropathy | GI |
| Cls of equine proliferative enteropathy | severe GI disease of foals and long yearlings. Really sick and really fast |
| Time of year for equine proliferative enteropathy | seasonal spikes from October to Feruary |
| Px for equine proliferative enteropathy | vaccine in development stage |
| Type of encephalomyelitis | viral |
| Name for encephalomyelitis | EEE, WEE, VEE( south texas/mexico) sleeping sickness |
| Cause of encephalomyelitis | equine alphaviruses |
| Transmission for encephalomyelitis | mosquito feeding on viremic horses or avian hosts |
| Px for encephalomyelitis | cheap ($6-8) and effective |
| Body system for encephalomyelitis | neurologic |
| Clx or encephalomyelitis | fever, ataxia, anorexia, paralysis, circling, head pressing and hyperexcitability (CNS signs) |
| Is encephalomyelitis zoonotic | yes, get from mosquitos |
| Type of Equine viral arteritis | viral |
| Cause of equine viral arteritis | equine arteritis virus |
| Transmission of EVA | highly contagious through respiratory secretions or semen transmission |
| Clx of EVA | flu-like symptoms, abortion and pneumonia |
| How are stallions infected with EVA | persistently infected (3-7years). Spread through semen that’s shipped and can infect whole barn |
| How are mares infected with EVA | clear infection in short time |
| Body system EVA | respiratory and reproductive |
| Px for EVA | MLV vaccine (could shed to another horse in short time after vaccinated) so careful on who you vaccinate, b/c mare could be vaccinated and give to her colt |
| Type for Equine infectious anemia | viral |
| Cause of EIA | retroviridae family |
| Clx of EIA | pale MM, petechial, icteric, CNS signs, anemia |
| Dx of EIA | coggins test, AGID, serological testing |
| Tx fo EIA | reportable, euthanasia or quarantine |
| Type of equine influenza | viral |
| Cause of equine influenza | orthomyxoviridae family |
| Equine influenza is | very common and highly contagious disease |
| Higher risk for equine influenza | less than 5 years old |
| Body system for equine influenza | respiratory |
| Clx for equine influenza | high fever, dry cough, serous nasal discharge, depression |
| Px for equine influenza | vaccination, but short protection. IN and injectable |
| Cause of rabies | rhabdovirus |
| Can horse transmit rabies to person | yes |
| What is transmission primarily through for rabies | wildlife, skunks and raccoons |
| What is common route of transmission for rabies | infected saliva |
| Body system for rabies | CNS |
| Clx for rabies | CNS signs, GI signs, loss of bladder control |
| Type of rhinopneumonitis | viral |
| Cause of rhinopneumonitis | EHV-1 and EHV-4 |
| 3 forms of rhinopneumonitis | respiratory, reproductive and neurologic |
| Respiratory rhinopneumonitis | EHV 1 and 4 |
| Reproductive rhinopneumonitis | EHV 4 |
| Neurologic rhinopneumonitis | EHV 1 |
| Rhinopneumonitis is most common in | weanlings and yearlings in fall and winter |
| Transmission for rhinopneumonitis | aerosol and indirect |
| Clx for rhinopneumonitis | mucopurulent nasal, coughing, abortion, scrotal edema, ataxia, loss of anal tone, paralysis of tail, urinary incontinence |
| Respiratory form of rhinopneumonitis clx | self limiting |
| Neurologic form of rhinopneumonitis clx | could end with death |
| Px for phinopneumonitis | vaccination |
| Rotavirus | debilitating diraheal disease in 2-4 months |
| Px for rotavirus | vaccinate dam before foaling |
| Cause of west nile | flaviviridae family |
| Body system of west nile | CNS |
| How is west nile spread | mosquitos |
| Clx of west nile | fever, inappetance, CNS to paralysis |
| Px of west nile | vaccination |
| Cause of equine rhinitis A virus | aphthovirus |
| Equine rhinitis A virus typically seen in horses <4 years | |
| How is equine rhinitis A virus spread | nasal secretions and aerosol inhalation |
| Body system of equine rhinitis A virus | respiratory |
| Clx of equine rhinitis A virus | fever, serous nasal, cough, abnormal lung sounds |
| Px for equine rhinitis A virus | vaccination |
| Type of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis | parasitic |
| Cause of EPM | sarcocystis neurona |
| EPM spread | intermediate host (opossum) |
| Body system EPM affects | CNS |
| Clx of EPM | ataxia, rear limb lameness, assymetrical muscle atrophy |
| Type of piroplasmosis | protozoa |
| Cause of Piroplasmosis | tick (dermacentor nitens) |
| Body system Piroplasmosis | fever, depression, anemia, thirst, eye problems |
| Core vaccinations | tetanus, EEE/WEE/VEE, rabies and West nile |
| 4 reasons why immunize | |
| Vaccine details | |
| 4 sites to vaccinate | neck, hip, sm/st and pectorals |
| Vaccine storage |
Created by:
lrmccauley6