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APES: Water Resource
Unit 5 Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Zone of Aeration | unsaturated zone between water table and surface |
| Zone of Saturation | pores in ground are filled with water |
| Aquifer | Holds groundwater |
| Aquitard | impermeable--stops flow of groundwater (confining layer) |
| Recharge Area | Areas where groundwater percolates into the earth |
| Confined Aquifer | sandwiched between two aquitards, deep, under pressure, associated with artesian wells (very pure) |
| Unconfined Aquifer | open to Earth's surface, bottom bound by aquitard, no pressure, shallow |
| Water Table | surface of zone of saturation; can be determined by drilling a well |
| Watershed | Land area from which water drains to a water body |
| Epilimnion | upper layer of warm water with high DO |
| Thermocline | area where temperature changes rapidly as depth increases, moderate DO |
| Hypolimnion | cold, dense water; low DO |
| Wetlands | Identified by composition of soil and presence of certain types of plants |
| Estuaries | partially enclosed area where sea water and rivers meet |
| Gradient | Slope/steepness of an area; plate tectonics (convergent boundaries most likely) create uplift |
| Stream Load | Solid matter carried by a stream |
| Littoral Zone | shallow water near shore; high biodiversity |
| Limnetic Zone | open, sunlit water; high levels of photosynthesis |
| Profundal Zone | deep, open water |
| Benthic Zone | Bottom of lake; mostly decomposers |
| Oligotrophic Lake | New lake, few nutrients |
| Eutrophic Lake | Large, excessive supply of nutrients, usually shallow |
| Mesotrophic lake | Balanced level of nutrients |
| Source Zone | headwater or mountain streams of cold water with high DO and low nutrient levels |
| Transition Zone | headwater merges to form wider, deeper streams; warmer with more producers |
| Floodplain Zone | Streams merge to rivers; high temp and low DO |
| Bed Load | sediment dragged along the bottom |
| Suspended Load | Small particles in the middle of the river |
| Dissolved Load | Ions such as O2, CO2, NO3-, NH4+, Ca+2, SO4-2, PO4-3 |
| Turbidity | Cloudiness of water |
| Delta | High nutrients and pollutants, warmer, low DO |
| Benefits to Wetlands | Food and habitat for endangered species, improve water quality, reduce flooding, replenish streams, keep down CO2 in atmosphere |
| Threats to Wetlands | agriculture and development |
| What is overturn? What is it caused by? | In Fall and Spring when temperature and density of water cause it to mix |
| Riparian Buffer | thin strips of vegetation around streams that provide habitat, absorb pollutants, collect sediment, slow erosion, and cool temperature |
| Topography | shape or contour of the land surface |
| Water travels... | Down in the path of least resistance--at right angles to contour lines |
| Salinity | amount of salt in water; measured through conductivity |
| Intertidal Zone | area between tides; organisms must be able to adapt submerged in water and completely out of water |
| Barrier Islands | Long, thin, low offshore islands made of sediment; parallel to shore; shifting; break energy of waves |
| Coastal Zone | Shallow, sunlight reaches nutrients, warmer, high biodiversity |
| Open Ocean | Colder, Incredibly deep |
| Factors that increase salinity | evaporation, deposition, freezing |
| Factors that decrease salinity | precipitation, run off, glaciers melting |
| Main regions of groundwater depletion | California and Midwest (Ogallala) |
| Disadvantages of desalination | Expensive and lots of byproduct |
| Groundwater | Water under Earth's surface in soil or rock |
| Cone of depression | lowers water table by overdrawing locally |
| Saltwater intrusion | changes location of margin between sea water and freshwater |
| Subsidence | lowers surface level |
| Hard Water | More minerals and dissolved ions (Calcium and Magnesium) |
| Soft Water | Few dissolved ions |
| Eutrophication | nutrients enter (nitrates and phosphates), algal bloom, algae dies, sinks to bottom, decomposed, low DO, fish die |
| Ocean Acidification | Carbon dioxide reacts with the water to create carbonic acid which breaks down releasing two H+'s which increases the ph of the water |
| Importance of Coral Reefs | remove carbon dioxide from atmosphere, act as natural barriers that prevent erosion, provide jobs, support fishing and tourism |
| Coral Reefs | Extremely biodiverse with attached organisms (corals, algae, and sponges), fishes, and other small organisms |
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