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AP Gov Unit 3 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cabinet | a group of presidential advisers not mentioned in the Constitution, although every president has one; 14 secretaries and attorney general |
| central clearance | Office of Management and Budget (OMB) review of all legislative proposals that executive agencies prepare |
| Clinton v. City of NY (1998) | allowed executives to do the line-item veto (power to veto a specific provision of a bill); gave POTUS power he wasn't entitled to |
| closed rule | forbids amendments |
| cloture | a motion or process in parliamentary procedure aimed at bringing debate to a quick end |
| concurring opinion | written not only to support a majority decision but also to stress a different constitutional or legal basis for the judgment |
| discharge petition | as a means of bringing a bill out of committee and to the floor for consideration without a report from the committee and usually without cooperation of the leadership |
| dissenting opinion | written by justices opposed to all or part of the majority’s decision |
| divided government | If POTUS & Congress are different parties, there is conflict |
| Executive Office of the President | immediate staff of the POTUS |
| executive privilege | Absolute Right of a POTUS to keep certain government files secret |
| filibuster | strategy in the Senate where opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on the tradition of unlimited debate; 60 members present and voting stops it |
| germane | amendment to a bill must be strictly relevant to the bill |
| gerrymandering | drawing districts for political gain |
| line-item veto | the power possessed by 42 state governors to veto only certain parts of a bill while allowing the rest of it to pass into law |
| logrolling | Multiple Congressmen vote for each other’s pork-barrel proposals Mutual support for local projects? Without it, pork bills might lose 1-434 |
| majority opinion | chief justice writes the opinion or assigns it to another justice in the majority |
| merit system | idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent |
| oversight | Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation |
| Pendleton Act | created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion will be based on merit. Today most federal agencies are covered by some sort of civil service system |
| per curiam opinion | A phrase Office of Management and Budget (OMB) review of all legislative proposals that executive agencies prepare. e used to distinguish an opinion of the whole court from an opinion written by any one judge |
| petit jury | jury is the most common type of jury service. A trial jury consists of citizens brought together to listen to evidence presented by both the prosecution and defense in the matter of a criminal proceeding and the plaintiff and defendant in a civil trial |
| pocket veto | if Congress adjourns w/in 10 days, bill dies—unoverrideable since Congress isn’t in session |
| presentment clause | says Congress controls the wording of a bill, and POTUS can only accept or veto. Congress writes the bill, then presents it to the POTUS in completed form |
| reapportionment | Set # of House members at 435. House reapportioned proportionally after census |
| redistricting | redrawing districts |
| regulatory board | or government agency responsible for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity in a regulatory or supervisory capacity |
| rider | an additional provision added to a bill or other measure under the consideration by a legislature, having little connection with the subject matter of the bill |
| government corporation | provide a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its services |
| grand jury | used to decide whether someone should be charged ("indicted") for a serious crime |
| Hatch Act | prohibits civil service employees from actively participating in partisan politics while on duty. The could not run for partisan elective offices or solicit contributions form the public |
| incrementalism | how and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy, thereby affecting the behavior of others. It is dependent on other units of gov to enforce their decisions. |
| independent agency | responsible for some sector of the economy, making and enforcing rules to protect the public interest |
| indictment | A written accusation charging that an individual named therein has committed an act or omitted to do something that is punishable by law |
| INS v. Chadha (1983) | Power of Congress to cancel decisions made by executive branch agencieslegislative veto was unconstitutional – it violated the Presentment Clause |
| jus sanguinis | by blood |
| jus soli | by born in territory |
| rule of four | 4 justices must agree to hear case |
| senatorial courtesy | POTUS gets prior approval for appointments that pertain to particular Senators. Federal judges (below SCOTUS) |
| solicitor general | to represent the gov in court |
| spoils system | patronage practice of giving appointive offices to loyal members of the party in power |
| stare decisis | lower courts must follow precedent |
| unanimous consent | everybody agrees |
| US v. Nixon | executive privilege only applies to national security |
| whip | Ensures members vote with strategy. Threatens to withhold support for disloyal house members in party attempts to enforce party loyalty |
| writ of certiorari | Order for lower court to send case documents |
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