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Psy Learning Ch. 6
Psychology of Learning Ch. 6
Question | Answer |
---|---|
avoidance behavior | Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery |
contrived reinforcers | Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting. Also called artificial reinforcers. |
discriminative stimulus (SD superscript) | A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; that is, a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement |
discriminative stimulus for extinction (SΔ) | A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement |
discriminative stimulus for punishment (SDp) | A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished |
escape behavior | A behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus |
extrinsic reinforcement | The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic reinforcer |
generalized (or generalized secondary) reinforcer | A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers |
intrinsic reinforcement | Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing |
law of effect | As stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or “stamped in,” while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or “stamped out.” |
natural reinforcers | Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior; that is, they are a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting |
negative punishment | The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response |
negative reinforcement | The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response |
operant behavior | A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses |
operant conditioning | A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences |
positive punishment | The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response |
positive reinforcement | The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response |
primary reinforcer (or unconditioned reinforcer) | An event that is innately reinforcing |
punisher | An event that: (1) follows a behavior and (2) decreases the future probability of that behavior |
reinforcer | An event that: (1) follows a behavior and (2) increases the future probability of that behavior |
secondary reinforcer (or conditioned reinforcer) | An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer |
shaping | The gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behavior |
three-term contingency | The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher |
Goal-oriented is to automatic as ___ behavior is to ___ behavior. | operant; elicited |
When first setting out to investigate the behavior of animals, Skinner had originally thought that all behavior could be explained in terms of ___. | reflexes |
Skinner's development of the operant conditioning chamber was partly motivated by his desire to find a procedure that yielded ___ patterns of behavior. | regular |
Skinner's restatement of Thorndike's law of effect is ___. | less mentalistic |
From an operant conditioning perspective, chocolate is a reinforcer if it ___. | strengthens the behavior that precedes it |
Procedure is to ___ as consequence is to ___. | reinforcement; punisher |
The term ___ refers to a process or procedure. | reinforcement |
Suppose a rat presses a lever and receives a food pellet. As a result, it is more likely to press the lever in the future. In this example, the food is functioning as a ___ for lever pressing. | reinforcer |
A dog is given a treat each time it comes when called, and as a result no longer comes when called. The ___ is an example of ___. | treat; a punisher |
Properly speaking, reinforcers and punishers are defined entirely by ___. | their effect on behavior |
The withdrawal of reinforcement for a behavior is called ___. | extinction |
A(n) ___ is a stimulus that "sets the occasion for" a behavior. | Sd |
A simple way of thinking about the three-term contingency is that you ___. | notice something, do something, and get something |
In correct order, the three-term contingency consists of ___. | antecedent, behavior, and consequence |
To determine if operant conditioning is involved, the most critical question to ask is whether the occurrence of the behavior is mostly a function of ___. | the stimulus that follows it. |
The term "positive reinforcement" refers to the ___ of a stimulus following a response which leads to a(n) ___ in the future strength of that response. | presentation; increase |
The pigeon pecks a response key and receives food. As a result, the probability of key pecking increases. This is an example of ___. | positive reinforcement |
The term "positive punishment" refers to the ___ of a stimulus following a response which then leads to a(n) ___ in the future strength of that response. | presentation; decrease |
In general, the more ___ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior. | immediate |
When Courtney closes her books at the end of a study session, her mother tells her how proud she is of the effort she puts into her classes. How might this comment by Courtney's mother increase the likelihood that Courtney will study tomorrow night? | A) it is a positive reinforcer, which increases the likelihood of the behavior of studying B) it is an immediate reinforcer, whereas the delayed reinforcer of good grades may be insufficient to increase the probability of studying |
A secondary reinforcer can also be called a(n) ___ reinforcer. | conditioned |
For a student, seeing a large 'A' at the top of a marked paper or exam could be considered ___. | a conditioned reinforcer, a secondary reinforcer and a generalized reinforcer |
Jack works extremely hard at whatever task he is assigned. According to learned industriousness theory, working hard is which sort of reinforcer for Jack? | secondary reinforcer |
Behaviors that are motivated by some added incentive are said to be ___ motivated. | extrinsically |
Being paid to study is a(n) ___ reinforcer for studying. | extrinsic and contrived |
What would be an example of shaping? | Reinforcing gradual approximations to lever pressing. |
At the zoo one day, you notice a zookeeper coaxing a camel into a pen by blowing a whistle. It is probably the case that the whistle has been paired with ___, and is now functioning as a(n) ___. | food; secondary reinforcer |
Over time, we are likely to become more and more efficient at washing dishes. This is mostly the result of ___. | shaping |
Behaviorists have found it useful to define operant behavior as a(n) ___. | class of responses |
If a mother kisses her child whenever he breaks a dish and, as a result, he breaks fewer dishes in the future, the kissing would by definition be a ___. | punisher |
Andre praises his young daughter for being assertive, after which she becomes even more assertive. This is an example of ___. | positive reinforcement |
A primary reinforcer can also be called a(n) ___ reinforcer. | unconditioned |
When Hai visits his parents, he whines a lot about how unappreciated he is at work. It seems likely that the presence of his parents is ___ for whining. | a discriminative stimulus |
"I'll do anything to avoid housework." This statement speaks to the power of ___. | negative reinforcement |
Thorndike found that cats learned to escape from a puzzle box ___. | gradually |
Maria gives her canary some food each time it flutters its wings. The food is a ___. | not able to be determined, further information is necessary |
Jim compliments his secretary on her sexy new outfit when she offers to bring him coffee one morning. She never again offers to bring him coffee. What is this process? | positive punishment |
A restaurant sign can be viewed as a(n) ___ for entering the restaurant and getting a hamburger. | discriminative stimulus |