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avoidance behavior
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contrived reinforcers
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Psy Learning Ch. 6

Psychology of Learning Ch. 6

QuestionAnswer
avoidance behavior Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery
contrived reinforcers Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting. Also called artificial reinforcers.
discriminative stimulus (SD superscript) A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; that is, a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement
discriminative stimulus for extinction (SΔ) A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement
discriminative stimulus for punishment (SDp) A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished
escape behavior A behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus
extrinsic reinforcement The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic reinforcer
generalized (or generalized secondary) reinforcer A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers
intrinsic reinforcement Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing
law of effect As stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or “stamped in,” while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or “stamped out.”
natural reinforcers Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior; that is, they are a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting
negative punishment The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response
negative reinforcement The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response
operant behavior A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses
operant conditioning A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences
positive punishment The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response
positive reinforcement The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response
primary reinforcer (or unconditioned reinforcer) An event that is innately reinforcing
punisher An event that: (1) follows a behavior and (2) decreases the future probability of that behavior
reinforcer An event that: (1) follows a behavior and (2) increases the future probability of that behavior
secondary reinforcer (or conditioned reinforcer) An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer
shaping The gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behavior
three-term contingency The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher
Goal-oriented is to automatic as ___ behavior is to ___ behavior. operant; elicited
When first setting out to investigate the behavior of animals, Skinner had originally thought that all behavior could be explained in terms of ___. reflexes
Skinner's development of the operant conditioning chamber was partly motivated by his desire to find a procedure that yielded ___ patterns of behavior. regular
Skinner's restatement of Thorndike's law of effect is ___. less mentalistic
From an operant conditioning perspective, chocolate is a reinforcer if it ___. strengthens the behavior that precedes it
Procedure is to ___ as consequence is to ___. reinforcement; punisher
The term ___ refers to a process or procedure. reinforcement
Suppose a rat presses a lever and receives a food pellet. As a result, it is more likely to press the lever in the future. In this example, the food is functioning as a ___ for lever pressing. reinforcer
A dog is given a treat each time it comes when called, and as a result no longer comes when called. The ___ is an example of ___. treat; a punisher
Properly speaking, reinforcers and punishers are defined entirely by ___. their effect on behavior
The withdrawal of reinforcement for a behavior is called ___. extinction
A(n) ___ is a stimulus that "sets the occasion for" a behavior. Sd
A simple way of thinking about the three-term contingency is that you ___. notice something, do something, and get something
In correct order, the three-term contingency consists of ___. antecedent, behavior, and consequence
To determine if operant conditioning is involved, the most critical question to ask is whether the occurrence of the behavior is mostly a function of ___. the stimulus that follows it.
The term "positive reinforcement" refers to the ___ of a stimulus following a response which leads to a(n) ___ in the future strength of that response. presentation; increase
The pigeon pecks a response key and receives food. As a result, the probability of key pecking increases. This is an example of ___. positive reinforcement
The term "positive punishment" refers to the ___ of a stimulus following a response which then leads to a(n) ___ in the future strength of that response. presentation; decrease
In general, the more ___ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior. immediate
When Courtney closes her books at the end of a study session, her mother tells her how proud she is of the effort she puts into her classes. How might this comment by Courtney's mother increase the likelihood that Courtney will study tomorrow night? A) it is a positive reinforcer, which increases the likelihood of the behavior of studying B) it is an immediate reinforcer, whereas the delayed reinforcer of good grades may be insufficient to increase the probability of studying
A secondary reinforcer can also be called a(n) ___ reinforcer. conditioned
For a student, seeing a large 'A' at the top of a marked paper or exam could be considered ___. a conditioned reinforcer, a secondary reinforcer and a generalized reinforcer
Jack works extremely hard at whatever task he is assigned. According to learned industriousness theory, working hard is which sort of reinforcer for Jack? secondary reinforcer
Behaviors that are motivated by some added incentive are said to be ___ motivated. extrinsically
Being paid to study is a(n) ___ reinforcer for studying. extrinsic and contrived
What would be an example of shaping? Reinforcing gradual approximations to lever pressing.
At the zoo one day, you notice a zookeeper coaxing a camel into a pen by blowing a whistle. It is probably the case that the whistle has been paired with ___, and is now functioning as a(n) ___. food; secondary reinforcer
Over time, we are likely to become more and more efficient at washing dishes. This is mostly the result of ___. shaping
Behaviorists have found it useful to define operant behavior as a(n) ___. class of responses
If a mother kisses her child whenever he breaks a dish and, as a result, he breaks fewer dishes in the future, the kissing would by definition be a ___. punisher
Andre praises his young daughter for being assertive, after which she becomes even more assertive. This is an example of ___. positive reinforcement
A primary reinforcer can also be called a(n) ___ reinforcer. unconditioned
When Hai visits his parents, he whines a lot about how unappreciated he is at work. It seems likely that the presence of his parents is ___ for whining. a discriminative stimulus
"I'll do anything to avoid housework." This statement speaks to the power of ___. negative reinforcement
Thorndike found that cats learned to escape from a puzzle box ___. gradually
Maria gives her canary some food each time it flutters its wings. The food is a ___. not able to be determined, further information is necessary
Jim compliments his secretary on her sexy new outfit when she offers to bring him coffee one morning. She never again offers to bring him coffee. What is this process? positive punishment
A restaurant sign can be viewed as a(n) ___ for entering the restaurant and getting a hamburger. discriminative stimulus
Created by: Graceful666
 

 



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