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Public Health Exam 1

Question	Answer
What is health?	a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is public health?	The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals
The 3 P's of public health are	population focused, prevention of disease, and promotion of health.
Population Health includes	healthcare systems, traditional public health, and social policy.
Healthcare	systems for delivering one on one individual health services including those aimed at prevention, cure, palliation, and rehabilitation.
Public Health	Group and community based interventions directed at health promotion and disease prevention.
Social Policy	Interventions with another non health related purpose which have secondary impacts on health.
21st Century Concepts of PH include emphasis on quality of life,	protection of health being considered alongside promotion of health, the use of the internet is redefining community and offers new ways to communicate, "evidence based" public health required, efforts between research programs and clinical care.
Who does public health?	teachers, politicians, parents, clergy, peers, media, markets, sloganeers, schools, hospitals, and governments.
BIG GEMS stands for which determinants of disease?	Behaviors, infections, genetics, geography, environments, medical care and social, economic, and cultural forces.
Population Health Approach	As used here, a term used to describe an evidence-based approach to problem solving that consider a range of possible interventions including health care, traditional public health and social interventions
Risk Factor	A characteristics of individuals or an exposure that increases the probability of developing a disease. A risk factor does not imply that a contributory cause has been established.
Social Justice	A philosophy that aims to provide fair treatment and a fair share of the reward of society to individual and groups.
From Antiquity to 1700 the focus of attention was based on	health protection through authority based controls, action framework was based on religious prohibitions on behavior as well as quarantines. Notables include Hippocrates who was known for his disease classification.
From 1700 to 1850 the focus of attention was based on	sanitary conditions through populations, known as hygenics, action framework was placed on environmental controls. Notables included Ramazzini who studied occupational diseases and Graunt who studied vital statistics.
From 1860 to 1950 the focus of attention was based on communicable disease control by germ theory, action framework was	based on vaccination and outbreak investigation, science notables included Snow who made observations on cholera, koch who studied criteria for causation, pasteur who studied bacterial causes of disease and nightingale who studied health care delivery.
Kochs Postulates one,	A cause must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
Koch's Postulates two,	The cause must be isolated from a diseased organism and reproduced in isolation.
Koch's Postulates three,	When introduced to a healthy organism, the cause produces the disease.
Koch's Postulates four,	The cause, when re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host, is identified as identical to the original specific causative agent.
From 1950 to 1980 the focus of attention was based on chronic disease surveillance,action framework was placed on	risk factor surveillance, scientific notables included doll and hill who studied smoking and health, salk who studied polio vaccine, kannel who studied the framingham heart study, papanicolau who studied the pap test.
From 1980 to 2000 the focus attention was based on chronic disease control,	action framework was based on individual behavior change, science notables included hochbaum who studied the health belief model, prochaska who studied stages of change model, and fisher who studied information, behavior, and motivation model.
Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the US from 1900 to 1999 includes vaccination, motor vehicle safety, safer workplaces,	control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke, safer and healthier foods, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, fluoridation of drinking water, recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard.
During the 21st century the focus of attention was placed on systems thinking, and population health while the action framework was placed on ecological interdisciplinary thinking themes of the time period also included	evidence based public health services, national, state, and community coordination and collaboration for health policy and program development, globalization, new and emerging public health issues, and eliminating health inequities assured social justice.
Where does public health happen?	safety codes and standards, water quality/ safety regulations, sanitary systems/waste treatment, food inspection, facility inspection, vehicle safety standards, building safety, licensure, standards, inspection, and oversight.
Public health systems include collaborations and communities including	all public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to public health in a given area, all entities that contriubte to the health and well being of the community and a network of entities with differing roles, relationships and interactions.
Public Health Systems	All public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery of essential public health services within a jurisdiction.
A public health system is a network of entities with differing roles relationships, and interactions but all of these entities	contribute to the health and well being of the community.
Public Health Systmes may be considered from the perspective of the nature or type of the institution or entity and	how they interrelate and collaborate, may be considered from the perspective of the entity's central focus or purpose.
Health Systems Infrastructure refer to	characteristics of the public health entity that determine whether they can effectively and efficiently accomplish their purpose and goals for improving the health and well being of the population they serve.
Fundamentals of a Public Health System Infrastructure include	Capacity which refers to funding, mandates, organization and mission. Capabilities which includes workforce, resource, data, connectedness etc. Competencies which include credentials, experience, skills. Coordination and Cooperation.
Public Health Federal Agencies roles and responsibilities include policy, regulatory, reasearch,	health education and promotion, resources and guidelines, funding, direct services, monitoring and surveillance.
Public Health Federal Agencies include the department of health and human services, US public health service, national institutes of health, centers for disease control and prevention	occupational health and safety administration, agency for toxic substances and disease registry, indian health service, health resources and services administration, substance abuse and mental health services administration.
Health care resources and services administration provide	health care access.
Food and Drug Administration regulate the	safety, effectiveness, security of drugs, vaccines, or other biological products, medical devices, food supply, cosmetics, and dietary supplements.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provide the	expertise, information, and tools needed to protect health through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and preparedness.
National Institutes of Health research around	important medical discoveries that improve people's health and save lives.
National Health Systems consist of public/private health non governmental organizations NGO's such as	American Public Health Association, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Association of County and City Health Officials, Association of Schools of Public Health, Association of Prevention Teaching and Research.
The CT Deputy commissioner is responsible for	oral health, multicultural health, comprehensive cancer, and advisory committees and special projects.
The CT Dept. of Public Health comissioner is responsible for	regulatory services, health care systems, planning, public health initiatives, and local health administration.
CT State legislative system consists of	General Assembly (congress), senate, house of representatives, congressional committees. Public Health, human services, environment, education, appropriations.
Local and Regional Health Departments are responsible for immunizations for those not covered by private systems, communicable disease surveillance and initial investigation of outbreaks, communicable disease control, inspection and licensing	of restaurants, environmental health surveillance, coordinating PH screening programs, tobacco control programs, PH preparedness and response to disasters.
Public Health Systems include	all public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery of essential public health services within a jurisdiction.
Examples of Public Health Systems include Public health agencies at state and local levels, education and youth development organizations	healthcare providers, public safety agencies, human service and charity organizations, recreation and arts related organizations, economic and philanthropic organizations,environmental agencies and organizations.
Framework for Viewing Governmental Public Health Agencies and their connections Public Health Agencies include local, state, federal, and global agencies which lead to other government agencies which are connected to community and private organizations	which are connected to public health agencies and health care delivery systems.
World Health Organization is a global public health organization which is governed by the United Nations Organization and contains seven "regional" semi independent components. Roles include	policy development, coordination of services, data collection and standardizations. Limitations include limited ability to enforce global recommendation, limited funding and complex international administration.
International Organizations with focused agenda is a global public health organization governed by UNICEF and UNAIDS its roles include	focus on childhood vaccinations and aids, limitations include limited agendas and limited financing.
International financing organization is an example of a global public health organization that is governed by the world bank and other multiracial regional banks, role includes	the world bank is the largest international funder, increasingly supports human capital projects and reform of health care delivery systems and population and nutrition efforts, provides funding and technical assistance primarily as loans.
Limitations of the International financing organizations include	their criticized for standardized approach with few local modifications.
Bilateral governmental aid organizations are global public health organizations that are structured and governed by USAID, many other developed countries have their own organizations and contrbitue a higher percentage of their GDP to those agencies than	the US does. Roles include often focusing on specific countries and types of programs such as the US focus on HIV/AIDS and maternal and child health.
Limitations of the bilateral governmental aid organizations include that they	may be tied to domestic politics and global economics, political, or military agendas.
Approaches to Population Health include Health care which are	systems for delivering one on one individual health services including those aimed at prevention, cure, palliation, and rehabilitation. Examples include clinical preventive services such as vaccinations, behavioral counseling, screening for diseases.
Approaches to Population Health include Traditional Public Health which are	group and community based interventions directed at health promotion and disease prevention such as communicable disease control, control of environmental hazards, food and drug safety, and reduction in risk factors for disease.
Approaches to population health includes social which focuses on	interventions with another non health related purpose, which have secondary impacts on health.
Examples of the social approach to population health includes	interventions that improve the built environment, increase education, alter nutrition or address. As well as socioeconomic disparities through changes in tax laws, globalization and mobility of goods and populations.
The 3 core funtions of Public Heath are	assurance, assesment, and policy dvelopment.
The 10 essential services of Public Health include research, monitoring health, diagnose and investigate, inform educate and empower, mobile community partnerships,	develop policies, enforce laws, link to and provide care, assure competent workforce, and evaluate.
Assessment of Public Health includes determining/Diagnosing, investigating and monitoring the health status of populations to	identify community health problems and measure the effectiveness and quality of population based health services.
Assurance of public health includes securing the conditions necessary for healthy living by	ensuring a competent health care workforce, informing people about health issues and linking people to needed services.
Policy Development of public health includes promoting health policies and programs for individual and community health by	enacting and enforcing laws and regulations for public safety and well being and conducting research on innovative solutions to health problems.
Essential public health services are provided within the framework of	individual, family, community, culture and society. Social justice, ethics, active citizenship, and professionalism. Responsibility and sensitivity to social and community health needs and factors affecting supply and demand.
Monitoring health status to identify community health problems includes diagnosing the community's health status, identifying threats to health and assess needs, collecting, analyzing and publishing information on access, utilization, costs and outcomes	of personal health services. Collect and analyze vital statistics and health status of higher risk groups. And integrating information systems with private providers and health benefit plans.
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community through epidemiologically identifying emerging health threats, using modern labratory technology to conduct rapid screening and high volume testing, using active surveillance	programs to epidemiologically address infectious diseases, maintain technical capacities to undertake epidemiological investigations of disease outbreaks and to examine patterns of chronic disease and injury.
Inform, educate and empower people about health issue through marketing community health issues and communicating to targeted media, providing access to health information resources at community levels,	collaborating with personal health care providers to reinforce health promotion messages and programs, participating in joint health education programs, collaborating with schools, churches, and worksites.
Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems which includes undertaking inclusive prevention, screening, rehabilitation, and support groups by convening and facilitating community groups and associations, include	groups not typically considered health related. Also build community health coalitions, drawing upon the full range of potential human resources and material resources.
Develop policies and plans that support individual community health efforts such as developing leadership at all levels of public health, planning community level and state level health improvement in all jurisdictions. Developing and tracking	health objectives to measure quality improvement. Collaborating with medical communities to create policies on prevention and treatment services. Developing codes, regulations, and legislation to guide the practice of public health.
Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety such as enforcing sanitary codes, especially in the food industry and enforcing clean air standards. Protecting drinking water supplies, following up on hazards, preventable injuries, and	exposure related diseases identified in occupational and community settings. Monitor quality of medical services. Reviewing new drug, biologic, and medical device applications.
Link people to needed personal health services, ensure provision of care when otherwise unavailable. Such as assuring clinical care for disadvantaged people. Linking populations with services by ensuring culturally linguistically appropriate	materials and staff. Provide ongoing care management and transportation services. Target information to high risk population groups, provide technical assistance for worksite health promotion/disease prevention programs.
Ensure a competent public health and personal health care work force by providing education and training for personnel, licensing professionals and certifying facilities, regular verification and inspection follow ups. Continue quality	improvements and life long learning within all licensure/certification programs. Partner with professional training programs to assure community-relevant learning experiences and assuring continuing education in management and leadership for administrator
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services by evaluating health programs based on the analysis of health status and service utilization data,	asses program effectiveness and provide information necessary for allocating resources and reshaping programs.
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems link with appropriate institutions of higher learning and research and	maintain internal capacity to mount timely epidemiological and economic analyses and conduct needed health services.
The 6 Sequential Steps of Community-Oriented Primary Care (COPC) include	community definition, community characterization, prioritization, detailed assessment of the selected health problem, intervention, and evaluation.
Population Health is defined as	all the ways society as a whole or communities within society are affected by health issues and how they respond to these issues.
The four components of population health include	health issues, populations, society's vulnerable groups, and society's shared concerns.
Health issues of population health include	evidence supported prevention, disease reduction and elimination.
Populations of population health include	definitions and demographics, health inequities, and globalization.
Society's vulnerable groups of population health include	consideration of social status, economic status, language, education and culture.
Society's shared concerns of population health includes	social justice, prioritization, collaborative/collective advocacy, policy, legislation, funding, and public health systems.
Population health involves	society's shared concerns.
Weight management for most individuals is a	consequence of environmental, economic, and social factors that have distinct public health components.
Public health components of obesity include infant feeding food availability at	home, school, and play. Accessibility of affordable nutritious foods, versus fast foods. Workplace environment. Physical activity and promotion, community accessibility and safety.
The public health paradox states that health is a collective good but	individuals will act on self interest at the expense of collective interest.
Each member of society benefits from the good health of others, regardless of their effort to secure that benefit. Creating conditions for healthy individuals and communities should	be a common goal.
Social Justice recognizes negative effects of privilege, power, and exploitation uses the	political process to implement policies, increases participation of those most affected.
Market Justice values self-determination and individualism, benefits reflects effort limits obligation to	collective good, prefers government that is neutral, voluntary, and limited.
Jacobson vs. Massachusetts, settled in the supreme court and dealed with childhood vaccination court ruled that the power of the State to act on behalf	of the public's well being has been recognized. An individual's right to privacy is not sufficient to overcome the State's need to monitor health status pertaining to certain conditions.
Inequality	the quality of being unequal or uneven.
Disparity	a marked difference or distinction in quality or character.
Inequity	an instance of injustice or unfairness.
Health Inequality	a broad range of differences in both health experience and health status between countries, regions, and socioeconomic groups.
Health Inequality is not biologically inevitable but reflect population differences in circumstances and behaviors that are in the broadest sense	socially determined. In industrialized countries, tends to refer to difference in health status between regions and population subgroups that are regarded as unequal.
Health Disparity CDC defines as differences in health outcomes between groups that	reflect social inequalitites such as racial and ethnic, social and economic, demographic, physical, mental, psychological, behavioral, and age and gender.
Health disparity includes a broad spectrum of different	factors and outcomes.
Health inequality refers to differences in health which are not unnecessary and avoidable but in addition are	considered unfair and unjust. Mainly applied to differences in health care access between regions and population subgroups. Lack of health insurance and inadequate access to quality health care services are key contributors to racial and ethnic health.

Created by: 1298809275

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