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Psychology 1
Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is thinking? | -The manipulation of mental representations of information. -A complex act of cognition – information processing in the brain. |
| What is a concept and what is the difference between natural and artificial concepts? | -Concepts are categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties -enable us to organize complex things into cognitive categories we can use -natural r mental representations drawn from direct experience, artif. r defined by rules. |
| -Know and be able to identify examples of prototypes | An ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category. Ex: natural concept of "bird' involves an eagle more likely than a penguin. |
| What are concept hierarchies? How do they help us understand concepts? | Levels of concepts from most general to most specific, in which a more general level includes more specific concepts- as the concept of "animal" includes "dog," "giraffe," and "butterfly." |
| Where do thoughts occur in the brain? | No central thinking center in the brain. |
| What is a mental image? | representations in the mind of an object or event (can take the form of any of the senses: visual, auditory, etc.) Ex: making a free throw before you actually do it. |
| What is intuition? Is it always correct? | the ability to make judgments without consciously reasoning. -E.g., “hunches” |
| What influences our intuition accuracy? | Not always correct. Based on snap judgments, prejudices, biases Accuracy may be based on context. -Personality – may be more correct -Statistical or numerical – more likely to be wrong |
| What abilities do good thinkers possess? | Know how to avoid common impediments to problem solving and decision making and often use heuristics and algorithms. |
| -What is an algorithm? | cognitive shortcut in decision making; a rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem E.g., formulas and procedures learned in science and math classes -Not helpful w/ subjects that are subjective or too complex |
| -What is a heuristic? How is it different from an algorithm? | A mental rule of thumb that allows for quick judgment with minimal information Used for problem solving and for decision making -does not pertain to any rules. |
| What are some useful heuristic strategies? | -Working backward Especially for maze and math problems -Searching for analogies Use a similar strategy to that of a similar problem -Breaking a big problem into smaller problems Create subgoals to be achieved |
| Identify and define the obstacles to problem solving? | mental set, functional fixedness, self-imposed limitations |
| -What is a mental set? Why is it an obstacle? | The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist |
| -What is functional fixedness? Can you give an example? | The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use |
| -How would you describe self-imposed limitations? Have you done this before? In what way? | Using unnecessary restrictions; Not thinking “outside the box” |
| What sort of biases cloud our decision making processes? | Confirmation Bias, Hindsight bias, Anchoring Bias |
| -What is Confirmation bias? Give an example. | Makes us pay attention to events that confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them |
| -What is Hindsight Bias? Give an example. | The tendency, after learning about an event, to “second guess” or believe that we could have predicted the events in advance Missed or misinterpreted clues of 9/11 2008 world financial crisis |
| -What is Anchoring Bias? Give an example. | Faulty heuristic caused by basing (anchoring) an estimate on a completely irrelevant quantity Ex: anchored # of passengers, not name of conductor |
| -What is Representative Heuristic? Give an example. | A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case. Examples: Ivy League Professor |
| -What is Availability Heuristic? Give an example. | Faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on the availability of vivid mental images of the event Death Rate Examples |
| What is intelligence? | -The mental capacity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectively. -The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges |
| -What is g or g-factor? | the single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories |
| What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence? | C:the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem-solving situations; taking info from long-term memory F:reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. |
| Know the types of intelligences in Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory. What do each of the intelligences measure? | Practical: "street smarts" Analytical: ability measured by IQ tests, problem solver Creative: see new relationships among concepts, involves insight and creativity |
| What are Gardner’s multiple intelligences ? | Linguistic (IQ tests), Logical-Mathematical, Spatial (art), Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Naturalistic(classify things, recognize subtle changes), Interpersonal(other ppl), Intrapersonal(yourself) |
| What is emotional intelligence? | “the ability to perceive, express, understand and regulate emotions” |
| What are some cultural definitions of intelligence? Why does this matter? | African:practical skills to get them ahead in life Chinese:Extensive knowledge, determination, social responsibility, ability for imitation. Native American: "school," and "good thinking" |
| How is the intelligence quotient scored? | (MA/CA) x 100 MA ( Mental Age) CA (chronological age=actual age) |
| What does it mean that intelligence is normally distributed? What is a normal range? | Normal Distribution Bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population Normal Range Scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution 95%-> 70-130 68%-> 85-115 |
| What are some causes for intellectual disability? | -Biological Fetal alcohol syndrome Down syndrome -Familial retardation: no apparent biological defect exists, but there is a history of retardation in the family |
| What is a culture-fair IQ test? Why is it important? | a test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group. |
| What evidence is there that intelligence is influenced by heredity (i.e., genes)? | Correlation between IQ scores with twins and siblings. |
| What evidence is there that intelligence is influenced by the environment? | -Greater similarities among people reared together than reared apart. -Lab animals who have stimulus-enriched habitats have more complex, complete development of brain cells and cortical regions. -Amount of school correlates with IQ scores. |
| What is Heritability? Why is it important when we discuss intelligence differences among groups? | Amount of trait variation within a group that can be attributed to genetic differences. We can speak of heritable differences only within a group of individuals who have shared essentially the same environment. |
| What is wisdom? | Using intelligence toward a common good rather than selfish pursuit. |
| "successful intelligence" | The ability to adapt, shape and select environments to accomplish goals. |
Created by:
cschue12