Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Neuro/endocrine
Test 3 path
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Symptoms of anxiety include: | arousal, tenseness, and increased autonomic activity such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations |
| What is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder? | anxiety; occurring in 10-30% of the population |
| Panic attacks are characterized by? | intense autonomic arousal involving a wide variety of symptoms, including lightheadedness, a racing heart, difficulty breathing, chest discomfort, generalized sweating, general weakness, trembling, abdominal distress, and chills or hot flashes |
| A notable complication of panic disorder is the development of? | Agoraphobia: phobic avoidance of places or situations where escape or help is not readily available |
| Brain regions likely to be involved in panic attacks include: | the locus ceruleus-NE system and temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus |
| First line medications for panic disorder include | SSRIs, paroxetine and sertraline; Venlafaxine, serotonin-norepi reuptake blocker is also effective |
| Excessive and persistent worries are the hallmarks of | generalized anxiety disorders |
| Six major symptoms of GAD have been identified and include | restlessness, muscle tension, irritability, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, and difficulty sleeping |
| Exposure to terrifying of life threatening trauma may produce | PTSD |
| These structural and functional data involving what brain structures are important to the patho of PTSD because these brain regions normally play important roles in how fearful memories are stored, retrieved, and forgotten | hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex |
| First line SSRI medications include | peroxetine and sertraline |
| second line drugs for PTSD include | TCAs amitriptyline and imipramine |
| Repetitive, intrusive thoughts and/or compulsions are the hallmarks of | OCD |
| Compulsions are physical and mental ritualized acts such as | washing, counting, cleaning, checking, organizing, hoarding, and repeating specific thoughts or prayers |
| Abnormalities of the _________ are found in OCD | basal ganglia-frontocortical circuitry |
| _______ is a collections of symptoms characterized by thought disorders. Thought disorders reflect a break between the cognitive and the emotional side of one's personality. | Schizophrenia |
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include; negative symptoms include | hallucinations, delusions, formal thought disorder, and bizarre behavior; flatted affect, alogia, anhedonia, attentions deficits, and apathy |
| Brain imaging studies of schizophrenia reveal: | enlargement of the cerebroventricles and widening of the fissures and sulci in the frontal cortex, In addition, there is a reduction in the volume of the thalamus, which may disrupt communication among the cortical brain regions and the temporal lobe +sym |
| Neurochemical abnormalities in ______ and _______ are found in schizophrenic brains | dopamine and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters |
| The first generation of conventional antipsychotic drugs block the | Dopamine D2 receptor |
| The second generation of effective treatment is schizophrenia is called | atypical antipsychotic |
| A reduction in brain _____ is linked to depression, whereas an elevated _____ level is associated with mania. | monoamine neurotransmission; monoamine |
| Individuals with major depression commonly have elevated levels of stress hormone____ | cortisol |
| Neuroendocrine abnormalities involving ____ hormones also are found in depression. | thyroid |
| Structural brain alterations that include____ and ____ are found in depression and bipolar illness. | reduced frontal lobe and limbic system volumes |
| Functional brain imaging studies show that depressed individuals have alterations in blood flow to the ____ and _____ brain regions that include the amygdala, a structure implicated in emotional behavior. | prefrontal and limbic |
| The central nervous system develops from a dorsal thickening of the ectoderm known as | the neural plate |
| This plate appears during the middle of the third gestational week and unfolds to form a | neural grove or neural folds |
| During the 4th week of gestation the neural groove deepens, its folds develop laterally, and it closes dorsally to form | the neural tube, epithethial tissue that ultimately becomes the CNS |
| In the developmental process, some neuroectodermal cells separate from the neural tube but remain between the tube and the surface ectoderm, creating the ____ | neural crest (this cellular band develops into the cranial and spinal ganglia, more commonly referred to as the peripheral nervous system) |
| Embryonic development of the nervous system occurs in six stages: | 1. dorsal (posterior) induction 2. ventral (anterior) inductions 3. proliferation 4. migration 5. organization 6. myelination |
| On average the posterior fontanel closes within the first __ months of life | 3 |
| By __ months of age, a fibrous union of suture lines occurs and serrated edges interlock. | 6 |
| By approximately ___ to ___ months of age, the anterior fontanel is closed. | 20-24 |
| At approximately __ years of age, ossification of the cranial bones is complete; the sutures usually are completely fused and cannot be separated by ___ years of age, even in the presence of increased intracranial pressure. | 8, 12 |
| Many reflex patterns mediated by the brainstem and spinal cord mechanisms are present at birth and disappear at | predictable times during infancy |
| Abnormal persistence of these reflexes is seen in infants with | developmental delays or with central motor lesions |
| The differences between an adult nervous systems and a child's nervous system are | 1. the head of a normal infant accounts for approximately one fourth of the total body height, whereas an adults head is 1/8 body height 2. the bones of the infant's skull are seperated at the suture lines thus forming 2 fontanels 3. increases to 5 |
| _______ are caused by an arrest of the normal development of the brain and spinal cord. | Neural tube defects |
| Defects of the neural tube closure are divided into 3 categories: | posterior defects and anterior midline defects |
| Posterior defects are more common and include | anencephaly and myelodysplasia |
| ______ is and anomaly in which the soft, bony component of the skull and part of the brain are missing. | Anencephaly |
| _____ refers to the herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skill, resulting in a saclike structure. | Encephalocele |
| _____ is a saclike cyst of meninges filled with spinal fluid. | meningocele |
| At birth the infant has a protruding sac on the back at ___ | the level of the defect |
| _____ is a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst (containing meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord with its nerves) through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertbra. | Myelomeningocele |
| _______ is the premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures during the first 18-20 mths of life. | Crainosynostosis |
| Crainosynostosis is classified according to ___ and ____ | head contour and suture involvement |
| Sickle cell diseae and cardiac anomalies are the most common disorders that lead to | arterial ischemic stroke |
| _______ is a rare, chronic, progressive vascular stenosis of the circle of Willis with obstruction of arterial flow to the brain | Moyamoya |
| _____ are the most common solid and the second most common primary neoplasm in children, second only to leukemia. | Brain tumors |
| Two thirds of all pediatric brain tumors are found in the | posterior fossa region of the brain |
| _______ sources of hormones (hormones produced by nonendocrine tissues) may result also in abnormally elevated hormone levels. | Ectopic |
| Receptor associated disorders usually involve one of the following: | 1. a decrease in the number of receptros 2. impaired receptor function 3. presence of antibodies against specific receptors that either reduce binding sites or mimic hormone action 4. unusual expression of receptor function |
| The most common cause of apparent hypothalamic dysfunction is interruption of the pituitary stalk caused by | destructive lesions, rupture after head injury, surgical transaction, or tumor |
| An excess amount of ADH results in | water retention and a hypoosmolar state |
| Deficient amounts of ADH result in | serum sodium hypersomolarity |
| _____ is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release. | SIADH |
| The most common cause of elevated levels of ADH is | ectopically produced ADH |
| Tumors have been reported in association with SIADH include: | small cell lung carcinoma, duodenum, stomach, and pancreas; cancers of the bladder, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas and sarcomas |
| Pulmonary disorders associated with SIADH include: | pneumonia, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation |
| Central nervous system disorders that may cause SIADH include: | encephalitis, meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, tumors, and trauma |
| Medications are an important cause of SIADH, especially in older adults. These include: | hypoglycemic medications (chlorpropamide), antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotics, general anesthetics, chemotherapeutic agents, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs, and synthetic ADH analogs. |
| Thirst, impaired taste, anorexia, dyspnea on exertions, fatigue, and dulled sensorium occur when the serum sodium decreases rapidly from | 140-130 |
Created by:
akheaton