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NRSG 112 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of nursing | a person trained to care for the sick |
| Florence Nightengale (1850) definition of nursing | “use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet and the proper selection and administration of diet. |
| Henderson's definition of nursing is on... | helping person (sick or well) in performance of activities contributing to health/recovery (or peaceful death) that would be perform unaided if had basic necessities and to help gain independence asap |
| Canadian Nurses Association definition on nursing | "dynamic, caring, helping relationship which nurses helps client to achieve & maintain optimal health" (1987) |
| What does nursing encompass? ICU | autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well and in all settings |
| What does nursing include? ICU | promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people, Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation and health systems management, and education |
| Who are recipients of nursing? | individuals, families, groups, communities, populations |
| What is a consumer? | an individual, group or community that uses service or commodities --> people who use health care products or services are consumers |
| What are key nursing roles? ICU | advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation and health systems management, and education |
| What are some historical common components among nursing definitions? | delivery of holistic, adaptive and client-centered care, deleviery of care focused on a recipient, assistant to the physicians while delivering care |
| What is meant by client centered care? | clinet is not only infored but also involved in decisions of their care |
| Are physicians our bosses? | No. We work in an inter-professional team that works collaboratively |
| Current common themes on nursing? | Nursing is caring, client centered, holistic, relational, adaptive, concerned with health promotion, maintenance and restoration, an art and science, a profession |
| What is constitutes a profession? | Education, experience, self-regulation, expertise, provide a service |
| What is the scope of nursing? | Promote health & wellness, precent illness, restore health, care for the dying, save lives, research, policy, administration, leadership and management |
| How is Nursing an Art and a Science | Knowledge based, assessment skills, critical thinking skills, decterity for psychomotor skills, decision making/prioritzing, relational, communication, teaching, flexibility |
| What is meant by critical thinking? | not just task do-ers, think about why you are doing things and question it |
| Why does history matter to nursing? CAN definition | “…Nursing history is critical to participation in healthcare reform today… Provides the public with valuable perspectives on emerging health technologies, healthcare reform, transformations of nursing practice and gender issues in Canadian society.” |
| Why does history matter in general? | You study from history to learn from it, grow, improve on practice, socialize into profession, keep a record of account of what happened |
| What factors impact nursing? | Status or value society attributes to nursing, class, power, demographics, family structure, economics |
| Traditionally, what kind of people were nurses? | white women whose families were wealthy enough for them to leave and not help the family |
| What is the benefit of nurses being an agent of the state? | allows us to ask in what ways nurses enable and influence social, political and economic agendas through participation in health care systems |
| Early nurses were... | volunteers, first nations women, women associated with religious groups, women from various ethnic backgrounds |
| Early on if you were a nurse, who would you work for? | the family or the community |
| What did first nations women do as nurses? | midwifery |
| Explain segregation in nursing | Asian nurses would look after the asian community |
| What happened in 1639? | First group of European Nuns came to ‘Quebec’ to care for the sick |
| What occurred in the 19th century? | There was a shift from volunteers to hospital trained nurses |
| What did the shift in the 19th Century result from? | Urbanization, Immigration, Changing concepts around transmission and treatment of diseases |
| What shaped formally prepared nursing in Canada? | Florence Nightengale’s British system of nursinng and French Canadian religious communities that blended religious life with hospital trained nurses |
| When did nursing gain status as a respectable profession? | 20th century |
| Why was there an increase in status in nursing? | Most students were young, white women whose families had economic status |
| When and where did the first men graduate from a hospital program in Canada? | 1899 in Halifax. Two men. |
| What stops men from nursing? | assumption that nursing is a woman’s job, power stigma |
| In the 20th century, what was the working environment like? | most nurses worked in private duty and opportunities to work in public health with organizations like the Victorian Order of Nurses emerged |
| Brief history of Florence Nightingale. (Where, When, What) | Florence Nightengale, 1820 - 1910, from a wealthy family |
| Who was one of the first nurse theorists? | Florence Nightengale |
| What did Florence Nightengale believe? | believed that it was all about the environment that enhanced how well you recover from your help |
| What was Florence Nightengale’s contribution? | Sanitation, cleanliness, hand washing, statistician, formalized nursing education, increase in status of nursing as a profession |
| What was Florence Nightengale’s Nursing model? | Formal training program of nursing was the apprenticeship model --> main model until 1980s |
| What is The Nightingale Model? | Nursing as nursing (not medicine), strict training, sanitation/cleanliness, observer/reporter --> relational, holistic |
| What is The Nightingale Model Philosophy? | Put patient in best condition for nature to act on him |
| In simple words, how do you describe the Nightingale model? | If you create the right environment, your patient will get better |
| Was the Nightingale Model a success? | Not really. Most hospitals did not enact the Nightingale Model, Students worked rather than studied, They staffed hospitals with long hours. |
| Why did the the Nightingale/Apprenticeship model take off? | it took off in North America because of free labour --> students worked |
| What was the First Canadian Nursing Program? | Mack Training School at St. Catharine’s Ontario (1874) |
| What was nursing education like in 1920 -1940? | limited classroom time, long hospital hours and unsupervised night shifts --> supervised by medical staff and nursing supervisors |
| In 1930, how many Schools of Nursing where there in canada? | 330 |
| How many nurses were there in the 20th century vs. after WW1? | approx 300 vs. 20,000 |
| What kind of training occurred in 1874? | Hospital training |
| Who is the first aboriginal person to graduate? | Jean Cuthand Goodwill (1954) |
| When and where was the first 2 year diploma set in Canada? | Ryerson Polytechnical Institute in Toronto in 1963 |
| Why is Polytechnical Institute important? | it was the first nursing school that was financially and physically separate from a hospital |
| When and where was the first 2 year diploma set in BC? | BCIT in 1967 |
| When and where was the first university degree of canada? | UBC VAN had a department of nursing in 1919 |
| What are the five distinct nursing groups within the profession | RN, LPN, Registered Practical Nurse, Registered Psychiatric Nurse and NP |
| What are two different ways to become a nurse in Canada? | University baccalaureate degree OR diploma prgorams |
| What is common about each nursing group? | Must all take a licensing exam which is renewed yearly, all must be registered with a college |
| What did CNA and CNSA say in 1990 about nursing degrees and diplomas? | in 1990 CNA and CNSA, nurses in canada will have entry practices with a degree --> in 2000, manitoba said no and made it so that the diploma was enough for entry level practices |
| What is nursing requirement for BC? | BC requires a baccalaureate degree as ‘entry to practice’ as a registered nurse --> relatively new piece of legislation |
| What are issues facing nursing education? | changes in health-care needs, entry practice, shortage crisis, changing demographics in nursing programs, technological advancements, inter professional education, continuing education to maintain competency |
| What is nursing curriculum today? | continues to evolve to meet the needs of increased complex patient care as well as the ever changing nursing environment |
| How has the focus in education shifted? | shifted from historical apprenticeship training to teaching around critical thinking, application of nursing knowledge, supporting health promotion and illness prevention |
| What are the three areas of nursing philosophy? | Ontological, Epistemology, Ethics |
| What is ontological? | investigation of the nature of being --> What is the prupose or meaning of our existence? |
| What is Epistemology? | Investigation on the nature of knowledge --> on what grounds do we know this to be true? |
| What is Ethics? | Examines moral conduct and judgment --> how people should act or react in particular circumstances |
| What is philosophy the definition of philosophy in scientific disciplines? | “systematic formulation of a body of knowledge” |
| What does nursing philosophy enable the profession to do? | enables the profession to further its understanding of values, beliefs, assumptions and knowledge |
| What does philosophy and nursing examine? | the nature of nursing, the knowledge of nursing and the moral questions that arise from nursing |
| What is paradime? | a world view based on a set of beliefs --> very braod view on something |
| What do moral questions do? | talk about the ethical philosophy |
| How is nursing knowledge organized and communicated through? | concepts, theories, conceptual frameworks, models |
| Why are nursing theories needed? | describes nursing, provides foundations of nursing practice, generates new knowledge, distinguishes nursing from other disciplines |
| What are concepts? | Ideas that are building blocks to theories. Usually abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality |
| What are conceptual frameworks? | A group of related ideas, statements or concepts that tries to describe the concept and is abstract |
| What are theories | describes a set of ideas --> and explanation |
| What is a model | a drawing of the framework or theory --> concrete theory to practice |
| Concepts can be... | easily observable, indirectly observable or non-observable/abstract |
| Examples of concepts | Energy, ego, pain, stress, culture --> each has more than one conceptual definition for each concept |
| What are concrete concepts? | something you can see --> rash |
| What are abstract concepts? | something you cannot see --> pain |
| What other terms are used instead of conceptual framework? | concept model and grand theories |
| Example of a conceptual framework | Freud’s structure of the mind (id, ego, superego) |
| What is a theoretical framework? | a systematic ordering of ideas, statements or concepts about the phenomena being investigate. |
| How is a conceptual framework used? | used in research to outline possible courses of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or though |
| What differs between a concept and a theory? | the level of abstractness |
| What is a theory? (Bodie and Chitty) | an internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions and propositions) that present a systematic view about a phenomenon and which is useful for description, explanation, prediction and control |
| A theory is a... | set of concepts and propositions that provide an orderly way to view phenomena |
| What is a proposition? | a statement that proposes a relationship between concepts |
| Example of a proposition | people seem to be happier in the springtime --> relationship between happiness and times of the year |
| Example of a theory? | caring theory --> looks at caring as a way to deliver nursing care |
| In terms of knowledge, why is theory important? | helps us organize thoughts and ideas and helps us learn what more we want to know |
| What is the purpose of a theory in scientific disciplines? | to guide research to enhance the science by supporting existing knowledge or generating new knowledge |
| Theories are systems... | of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon |
| Theories attempt to... | explain relationships between concepts |
| Theories offer... | ways to conceptualize interests of a discipline |
| Theories help us to... | understand phenomena, experiences and life circumstances --> but cannot prove them to be right |
| What are some well known theories? | evolution, gravity |
| Why do people test theories? | to see if it is true |
| Why do people apply theories? | to better understand |
| What is the purpose of theory in nursing theory? | to describe, explain, predict and control desired outcomes in nursing |
| In nursing, how does one effectively build knowledge? | the research process should be developed within a theoretical framework that helps facilitate analysis and interpretation of the findings |
| What does knowledge developed from nursing theory and nursing research aimed to do? | aims to enhance the standards developed for nursing practice |
| Why is theory development crucial? | it creates a specialized body of knowledge |
| What does theory do in the research process? | helps design research questions, aids in methodology, data collection, analysis and interpretation |
| What are the three classifications of theories? | grand theory, middle range theory, practice theory |
| What is a grand theory? | broad conceptual framework that defines perspectives in nursing practice --> it limits and is abstract |
| Example of a grand theory? | nightingale’s cleanliness theory |
| What is a middle range theory? | a narrower scope than grand theory. Addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena --> can be used to guide practice |
| Example of a middle range theory? | specific feminist perspectivies |
| What is a practice theory? | explores one particular situation found in nursing. It identifies explicit goals and details how these will be achieved --> one situation, very concrete |
| Example of a practice theory? | setting up a sterile field |
| What are models? | representations amongst and between concepts, approaches to care |
| Three examples of models of nursing | team, primary, progressive |
| What is team nursing? | often used when there is various scopes of nursing working on one unit, might have 7-8 patients and the group divides up the task based on their scope |
| What is primary nursing? | looking after someone who is chronically ill, needs complex care or will stay for a long time. When you work, you always look after this pt. |
| What is progressive patient care? | system of nursing where patients are placed based on needs of care which is determined by illness (more american style) |
| What was Florence Nightingales theory? | the environment either promotes or has a negative impact on recovery |
| What did Florence Nightingale base her theory on? | the unsanitary living conditions that had poor health outcomes |
| What five components of environment should be considered? | pure water, fresh air, natural light, cleanliness, efficient drainage |
| What is nightingale’s concept of person? | compassionate care for the soldiers |
| What is nightingale’s concept of environment? | theory founded on the importance of environment. Health intrinsically linked to it. |
| What is nightingale’s concept of health? | the idea that health was linked to environment |
| What is nightingale’s concept of nursing? | using environment to assist, create a good environment to use elements to heal |
| What is Hildegard Peplau’s model? | interprofessional model |
| What is the interprofessional model? | nursing is a therapeutic relationship b/n nurse and cl., health linked to fundamental needs, enviro includes cl. internal experiences and relational enviro, human beings conceptualized as subjects of their own experiences |
| In simple words, how do you describe the interprofessional model? | a bad therapeutic relationship affects healing negatively --> understand that there is a person and you do not just have a task |
| According to henderson’s theoretical definition of nursing, what is nursing? | assisting sick or well individuals to gain independence or a peaceful death |
| According to henderson’s theoretical definition of nursing, what does health include? | interpersonal and intrapersonal experiences |
| According to henderson’s theoretical definition of nursing, what is environment ? | includes physical surroundings |
| What is special about Henderson’s? | First person to give a broad definition to all of nursing, first to promote idea of palliative nursing |
| What kind of theory is henderson’s theoretical definition of nursing? | grand theory, middle range theory, practice theory |
| According to roy’s adaptation model, what is nursing? | the promotion of clients adaptation |
| According to roy’s adaptation model, what is health? | the way human beings interact and adapt to their environment |
| According to roy’s adaptation model, what is environment? | the variable to which a person must adapt |
| According to roy’s adaptation model, how do humans interact? | humans interact with their physical, social and spiritual environments |
| What happens in roy’s adaptation model? | nurses help client adapt to what is going on with their health --> enviro is constantly changing and we must continue to adapt |
| According to watson’s caring model, what is nursing? | an iintentional consciousness of caring enacted between a nurse and another being |
| According to watson’s caring model, what is health? | unity and harmony within the mind, body and soul |
| According to watson’s caring model, what is environment? | environement (internal and external) influences health and illness |
| According to watson’s caring model, explain human beings | human beings are physically confined in space and time, mind and soul are not |
| According to watson’s caring model, practice of caring is | central to nursing |
| What is practice of caring? | being conscious of caring approach --> holistic nursing |
| What is nursing according to parse’s man-living-health theory? | a co-creating situation in which clients choose and beat responsibility for health |
| What is health according to parse’s man-living-health theory? | a continuously changing process |
| According to parse’s man-living-health theory human beings are... | open, indivisible, frely choosing beings who co-create patters of relating |
| What is the purpose of CRNBC? | to protect the public by effectively regulating registered nurses and nurse practitioners |
| What is the mandate of CRNBC? | to ensure that all individuals seeking entry to practice and maintaing registration are competent and ethical professionals |
| How does the CRNBC fulfill its mandate? | sets standards, suppors RNs to meet standardds and act if standards are not met |
| What is self regulation? | Practices w/n own level of competency, scope of practice, maintains fitness to practice, meets registration & QA requirements, adheres to standards |
| What is the legal requirement of nursing? | only individuals who have met the requirements for registration and continue to meet the requirements can use the title of “nurse” |
| How is nursing defined? | health care promoting, maintaing and restoring health, prevention, tx, & palliation of illness and injury --> by assessing health status, planning and implementing interventions and coordinating health services |
| What are the quality assurance activities? | meet min practice hours, complete self-assessment, seek and recieve peer feedback, create and implement prof. development plan, evaluate effect of prof development on practice |
| How do you use standards in practice? | Asses, define & resolve problems, advocate, promote good communication and collaboration, determine role in program policy development and evaluation |
| What is the process of regulatory supervision? | manage risks, student competence, authorize activity, set conditions` |
| What is scope? | the activities that registered nurses are educated and authorized to perform |
| When can nurses act? | with orders based on dx, without orderes based on dx and when delegated` |
| What is a nursing dx? | condition is cause of S&S, clinical judgement, improved responsibility |
| Conditions diagnosed are those with.. | resolved, stabilized, from known disease of tx of that disease |
| Examples of nursing dx | urinary retention, hypoglycemia, constimation, hypoxia, anaphylaxis, severe bleeding |
| When can you act without orders? | accept sole accountability in determining condition warranting activity, asses and make nrs dx, activity in scope, congruent with limits conditions, w/n restrictions of policies, evidence informed decision, competence, consent |
| When acting without orders, what should you be competent about? | risk/benefits, predicatbility,, activity can be carried out safely/ethically, can manage intended/unintended outcomes, safegaurds/resources available |
| When can you take an order? | Order cl. specific & authorized, activity is w/n scope, congruent with limits/conditions (CRNBC), w/n restrictions (organization policy), compentend, take appropriate action if order is not evidence bases or does not consider indv cl, consent |
| What are professional standard | prof accountability and resp, knowledge-based practice, cl-focused, ethical --> foundation of nursing practice, reflects min expectations of nrs practice |
| What is accountability and responsibilty? | maintains standards of nrs practice and prof conduct determined by crnbc |
| what is knowledge-based practice | consistently applies knowledge, skills & judgemnet |
| What is Cl-focused provision of service? | provides nrs. services and works with others to provide health care services in best interest of cl |
| What is ethical practice | understands, upholds and promotes ethical standards of nrs. profession |
| When was the Graduate Nurses Association of BC created? | 1912 |
| When was the registered nurses act passed? | 1918 |
| What did the registered nurses act do? | allowed the associated to regulate nurses |
| In 1935 what was GNABC renamed to? | Registered Nurse Association of BC |
| What did RNABC have the authority to do? | Had authority to regulate nurses by had a responsibility of a Union, Association and college |
| What kind of things were put into place between 1935 to 1979? | Minimum requirements for entry into nursing and labour relations |
| What was created in 1980? | BC Nurse’s Union |
| What was put into place in 1988? | Mandatory registration |
| What happened to RN’s in 2005? | They were put under the Health Profession’s Act |
| What happened to RNABC in 2005? | it turned into CRNBC |
| What is the difference between CRNBC and RNABC | Association was dropped because associations are about guidelines to advance the profession but the new SOLE purpose was to protect the public |
| In response to RNABC turning to CRNBC, what was created in 2005? | ARNBC --> this is the new association |
| What does the Health Professions Act do for CRNBC? | it empowers it to regulate RNs and NPs w/n the province. W/o it, nursing would not be self regulated, thus not a profession |
| What are CRNBC bylaws and board policy? | it is how CRNBC conducts its buisiness |
| What are the standards of practice? | professional standards, scope of practice standards, practice standards |
| What are the controls on RN practice | regulation, CRNBC, Employer, the RN themself |
| Who can nurses take orders from? | physicians, midwives, NPs, dentists, podiastrists, naturopaths |
| Nurses can diagnose a ______ but not a ______ | condition but not a disease |
| What are the core nursing practice processes | evidence-informed practice, reflective practice & continuing competence, Clinical judgement & decision making, Communication, collaboration |
| What is Scholarly writing? | written communication, academic, professional, involves c.t, informed reflections, can build on work of others, opportunity to develop expertise and knowledge |
| What are characteristics of writing in nursing? | clarity, organization, accuracty, correctness, audience, thorough |
| What is the writing process? | plan, research, outline, create, edit, shine, submit |
| What should a title page include | title of paper, author, student number, institution, course name & number, date, instructors name |
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