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CriminologyTest2Lect
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| UCR | Uniform Crime Reports |
| collection of data from different places, all police in Canada expected to send data to this | UCR |
| problem with the UCR | attempted and successful crimes not differentiated |
| crimes that the UCR doesn't have good representations of | child abuse, corporate crime |
| one of the reasons we need whistle blowers | crimes like child abuse and corporate crime would otherwise never be reported |
| examples of victimless crime | drug abuse, prostitution, illegal gambling |
| what things do victimless crimes damage? | themselves, dependants, health and employment, supporting illegal operations |
| reasons crime is often not important | victim may decide not important, people with no insurance, sometimes feel police can't help or will bring up sensitive issues, fear of reprisal/publicity |
| why/when are most break ins reported? | when people have insurance (insurance requires) and material can be recovered if reported |
| example of when victim may fear reprisal | argument between people who knew each other ends violently, private matter but if reported becomes public matter |
| crimes that are most likely to be reported | those resulting in injury, weapons used, big loss involved, property stolen is insured |
| benefits of having civilians in police office | more and more accurate data |
| problem with police asking politicians for more resources | police just use money to hire more officers, results in more crime detected, looks like crime rate rises, ask to hire more police |
| how much is a constable paid per year | 100k |
| when do police take action the most? | when there are complaints |
| crimes the police focus on ONLY when there are complaints | prostitution, drug trade |
| Kansas city study | divided in 3, regular patrolling, 2x and no patrolling, NO effect on crime rate all same |
| common difference in profile of offender and victim | no difference, often same class, nationality, sex, age etc. |
| when the offender is most likely to be the opposite sex of the victim | sexual assault |
| what shows that the victim and the offender are very similar? | their profiles are almost identical most of the time |
| group most likely to be victimized | young single males in inner city, in west, aboriginal |
| an exception to the majority which is also highly likely to be crime victims | recently divorced females |
| attempt to get at the gray area of crime | self-report survey |
| the self-report survey promises what? | anonymity |
| problems with self-report survey | often completed with high school students, crimes actually reported often petty, serious crimes unlikely to be reported |
| problem with doing self-report surveys at high school | schools have their own filtration systems, likely offenders more likely to already have dropped out |
| __% of crimes are committed by a small group, ___% of delinquents | 75%, 6-7% |
| small number of people commit most of the ___ crimes | serious |
| when did we discover most serious crimes committed by small portion of delinquents | 1969 and again in 1972 |
| optimistic view of most serious crimes being committed by small group of individuals | if you could catch and punish this small group, most crimes would stop |
| new federal law caused by most crimes being commited by small percentage of people | three strikes rule: if committed over 3 crimes likely part of this group (but not always true, especially if minor crimes) |
| example of when three strikes rule might not be valid | poor guy stealing for food ex. homeless guy stealing piece of pizza a kid didn't wnat |
| why can't the main core group who commits most of the serious crimes be caught? | new crop every year |
| why are not many of the worst criminals locked up? | smart and careful, know how police operate and know how to not get caught, not necessarily from poverty or ghettto |
| common reason lower class families have less education | have to drop out early to work |
| one of main things discovered from self-report survey | minority groups highly over policed, aboriginal groups more likely to be arrested and detained (but not more likely to commit a crime) |
| what study is relatively accurate in showing crime rate? | victimization survey, people more willing to share |
| problem with self-report survey related to sexual activity | males exaggerated and females refrained from sharing true values |
| corporate crime regarding self-report survey | can't get them to report or confess their crimes |
| violent crime is ____% of all crime in Canada | 13% |
| majority of violent crime is what? | low end/common assault |
| property crime around ___ of all crime | 50% |
| types of violent crime | homicide, some robbery, assault, sexual assault, stalking, terrorism, hate crimes |
| most extreme form of violent crime | homicide |
| when can homicide be justified? | course of someone conducting a duty ex. police, soldiers allowed to kill if ordered, or if in self-defence if you can prove it |
| first degree murder | criminal homicide |
| main feature making something first degree murder | mens rea "guilty mind", intent to kill |
| thought of hate before killing | malicious forethought |
| if no intent murder becomes __ | second degree |
| heated situation, no intent beforehand to kill but sometimes happens in midst of argument | manslaughter |
| with ___ often victim has made the first move but ended up overpowered | manslaughter |
| killing while driving | manslaughter |
| killing an infant or a small baby | infanticide |
| why is infanticide so common? | postpartum psychosis, mother loses it after childbirth and doesn't realize she's doing it |
| child must be under ___ to fit infanticide | 1 year |
| are you more likely to be assaulted in a dark alley? | no, they cause fear because of stigma but actually more likely to be assaulted in your own kitchen, and have the offender be known to you |
| ___% of homicides committed by family members or people known to the offender | 85 |
| most homicides occur on | weekends |
| usually with homicide ___ is involved | alcohol/drug abuse |
| why do some people consume alcohol or drugs on purpose right before committing a crime? | as a pick-me-up to take away potential grief or questioning |
| example of criminal negligence | driving by a bush, failed to notice a kid and they jump out at you |
| if you hit a kid who jumped out at your car, when are you guilty? | if mechanic noted you needed new breaks and you refused to have them installed |
| if you hit a kid who jumped out at your car, when are you not guilty? | most cases |
| trigger for sadist is: | fear of the victim |
| reporting with violent crime usually depends on: | if a weapon was used |
| most offenders for violent crime are | males under 25, often between ex-partners |
| rapists who just want to dominate a person, want control | power rapist |
| rapists who use as a release for their anger | anger rapist |
| rapist who take advantage of situation ex. went in to steal but notice a sleeping girl and take advantage | opportunistic rapist |
| rapist between spouses | marital rape |
| types of rapists | power rapist, anger rapist, opportunistic rapist, marital rapist |
| most serious form of assault | aggravated assault, person has to be disfigured with severe/permanent damage or if victim's life was in danger |
| Level 3 assault | aggravated assault, life threatening or permanently damaging |
| Level 2 of Assault | involves bodily harm or weapon |
| level 1 of assault | common assault |
| if multiple crimes happened at same event which is counted? ex. assault and murder | most serious, murder would be counted |
| why are there so many more assault cases now and so few murder? | better technology helps medical aid arrive quicker |
| why did the murder rate start dropping in the 60s? | better communication and technology aided medical help to arrive earlier |
| now taken seriously, in past ignored as a personal issue | spouse abuse |
| why did police dislike dealing with spouse abuse? | "family issues are private" |
| most common way of dealing with spouse abuse: | lock husband up for one night, sends message he was wrong |
| type of assault the least frequent | sexual |
| elder abuse often committed by __ | family members |
| why is elder abuse so common? | trapped into situation by dependency (can't survive on their onw) |
| where is elder abuse most common? | nursing homes |
| theft that includes violence | robbery |
| ___% of all vioent crimes are robbery | 5% |
| what caused people to stop robbing banks? | ATMS, only charged with larsony if steal from ATM |
| ones who rob banks known amoung criminals as what? | crazy and stupid |
| most robbery is committed by | drug addicts, offshoot of addiction |
| easy way to reduce crime, especially robbery | reduce the amount of drug addiction, people won't be so desperate to get that money |
| types of robbers | professionals, occasional |
| professional robbers | more intelligent, practice and plan, train apprentices to help, don't get caught because careful, stash money and wait long time to use |
| how to do police try to catch robbers? | watch spending habits in the population, but often useless as people wait a long time after stealing to spend |
| opccasional robbers | opportunistic, passing by and just take something, not a planned action, often youth |
| hate crimes are usually: | racial/ethnic/religiously involved |
| if a crime involves a gun how many years are tacked on? | +2 |
| if an element of hatred is found in a crime, what is tacked on? | a few years to sentence |
| when is hatred forbidden? | in a public place |
| one group attempts to destroy another | genocide |
| genocide is often | racial/ethnical/religious |
| "criminal harassment: | stalking |
| usually no physical contact, just many messages left and following | stalkin |
| cyberstalking | constantly following what someone does on technology |
| main problem with stalking | produces fear in victim, often no physical contact at all but can damage mental health |
| who are often stalkers? | ex partners or history of violence |
| certain occupations more likely to have ___ violence | workplace violence |
| examples of occupations more likely to have workplace violence | taxi drivers, nurses, teachers |
| why is it hard to define terrorism? | are our militaries terrorists? never just one sided, often uniformed soldiers commit bad things |
| when can terrorism cause a lot of damage and be very powerful | when terrorists are intelligent and can run a campaign where they can't lose |
| example of a terrorist group viewed both as terrorist and help | Irish Republican Army (IRA), protected people by bombing Britain |
| what can terrorists do if they are intelligent and know what they are doing? | bring a place to a complete standstill |
| largest category of crime | property crime |
| name for those who commit property crime | thieves |
| property crime involves: | no violence, just sneaky sly offenders |
| what is a common trait with persistent thieves? | often rotate time in and out of prison, consider it part of the job, get into habits of getting their resources through crime |
| when caught, how long are thieves in jail? | 6months |
| does putting thieves in jail deter them? | no, consider it part of the job |
| types of thieves | consistent thieves, persistent thieves, occasional thieves |
| consistent thieves | get into habit of stealing and depending on it |
| persistent thieves | time in and out of prison but not giving up |
| occasional thieves | most sporatic in actions, depends on needs, also often have legal jobs, low-level offenders ex. bring supplies from office home |
| baby boomers | 46-60 |
| what we were more likely to look at for offenders before the baby boomers generation | rehabilitation |
| what before baby boomers was considered the wayt ofind crime rate? | judge the proportion of young males in a society to judge crime rate |
| problem with baby boomers and why way we judge crime had to change | proportion of young males in population skyrocketed, ended up bringing in more punishment and less habilitation |
| why a lot of crimes really increased in the 60s, not because of young males | drug increase |
| problem with drugs in the 60s | heroin/crack etc. very likely cause in rise of crime rate |
| what should the government have dealt with during the baby boomer period instead of focusing on amount of young males? | should have focused on drug use |
| how many law abiding citizens in Canada each year are charged with a criminal offence? | 20 000 |
| why do many people who are convicted but otherwise honest turn away from the law? | deem it unfair |
| most common form of property crime | theft |
| examples of theft | shoplifting, purse snatching, bicycle theft |
| how theft is billed | ex. B127 a. more than $5000 b.) less than 5000$ charges with section ex. B127A "is offence over or under?" |
| how many people in 2004 were victims of property theft? | 1/10 |
| who are more likely to be victims of property theft? | females, 15-24, higher income |
| what causes most of the loss to companies that run stores? | shoplifting and employee theft |
| 2/3 of loss to a business selling merchandise | employee theft |
| 1/3 of loss to a business selling merchandise | shoplifting |
| ways we deal with shoplifting | press charges for cheap little stolen things, youth court packed with shoplifting EXPENSIVE and pointless, better ways to deal with than wasting taxpayer money |
| common morals of companies regarding taxpayers money | "use it as much as possible to cut losses" |
| shoplifting accounts for approx. ___ /year | 3 billion in losses |
| how do customers suffer due to shoplifting? | pay higher prices, highly monitored |
| example of technologies to prevent shoplifting | ink, cameras |
| what is it called when threatening to charge a kid a large sum for stealing a tiny thing or will bring to court? | extortion |
| why do kids shoplift such small things? | "for fun/the rush" |
| examples of tools used by professional shopliftrs | special pockets/false bottoms on bags |
| how do professional shoplifters operate? | distract salesperson, go for expensive items, sometimes will blitz small towns who aren't prepared to deal with |
| who commits most of the break and enters? | teenagers |
| why do teenagers commit break and enters? | adrenaline rush |
| property crime difficult for police to clear, with most not cleared | break and enter |
| break and enter usually committed by teenagers who are ___ | amateurs |
| involves deceit/falsehood for financial gain | fraud |
| why is fraud often not reported? | victim feels stupid and ashamed |
| examples of fraug | identity theft, fraud by cheque, credit card, insurance, forging, 'bad check' crime |
| using someone else's name falsely, sign for them on important ocuments | forging |
| sign a check for someone else, mostly committed by females | 'bad check' crime |
| example of a con game | standing on corner in new York pretending to need taxi money and keeping |
| type of fraud where people lose millions annually | pyramid schemes/pawnsy schemes |
| arson capital of Canada | Nova Scotia |
| pattern of arson | boom + bust, like war |
| common offender of arson | firefighters, mesmerized by fire |
| break and enters have ___ in amount of occurences and value of take | decreased |
| rape and kill | a type of killer who rapes and kills victims |
| spree killer | goes on rampage over few months killing many many people |
| when crimes are sent to VCR only ___ are actually sent | most serious |
| when a crime is considered to have insufficient evidence and can't be classified as a criminal offense | unfounded |
| leeway of officers and judges in sentencing | discretion |
| what percentage of felonies classified as unfounded were misclassified? | 50-70% |
| when is a department more likely to classify acrime as unfounded? | when it's overflowing with cases |
| when is a department more likely to confine for small borderline crimes? | when the department is desperate for funding; to prove that it needs money |
| how an officer judges if a complaint is credible | if complainant is credible and whether the alleged actions qualify as a criminal offence |
| the ___ of a police department influence crime rates, especially for more consensual crimes | priorities |
| the official rates of crime may be ___ where the police have support and confidence of population | inflated |
| one issue that the UCR uniform crime record does not take into consideration | the seriousness of the crime |
| ____ offences are under represented in the UCR | less serious |
| types of crimes the UCR doesn't include | high-tech crime, white collar crime, organized crime |
| ___ tend to report much higher amounts of crime than official statistics | victimization surveys, containing both reported and non-reported crimes |
| NCVS | National Crime Victimization Survey |
| firwst survey in Canada trying to target victimization | Canadian Urban Victimization Survey conducted in 1981 |
| how many people were surveyed in the first Canadian Urban Victimization Survey? | 60 000 |
| when/where are victimization surveys? | part of the GSS General Social Survey every 5 years |
| around how many people 15+ are interviewed for the GSS | 24 000 |
| international victimization survey | ICVS, International Crime Victims Survey, every four years covering 17 countries |
| percentage of people in 2004 who reported being a victim to crime at least once in a year period | 28% |
| estimated number of crimes in 2004 | 7.2 million |
| percentage of sexual assaults not reported | 88% |
| percentage of household thefts not reported | 69% |
| percent of property theft unreported | 67% |
| how many times more was the GSS rate for violent crime in Canada than the UCR? | seven, GSS was 10 600/100 000 UCR was 1498/100 000 |
| where are violent and property crimes more likely? | in the West |
| problems with victimization surveys | costly to cover even rare events,overreporting of crime, may not discover all crime, remember clearly incidents, cannot tap homicides, no victimless crimes, no white collar crimes, children aren't considered, homeless likely discluded, social class bias |
| self-report surveys help gauge the ____ of crime | dark measure, offences not captured |
| criminality is a matter of ___ rather than something people have or lack | degree |
| most valuable benefit to self-report surveys | show that minorities are over-policed and most criminals not minority |
| factor showing how much trust is in the criminal justice system | difference between official crime rates and those of self-report/victimization surveys |
| how many students are interviewed each year for self report surveys? | 50 000 |
| NLSCY | National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, monitors children from youth to adulthood |
| problems with self-report surveys | may be too embarrassed to admit to crime, exaggeration by some to feel cool, no questions about white collar, underrepresentation of minority groups and dropouts |
| types of crimes that police statistics best show | geographic locations of most violent and property crime |
| two basic types of observational research: | field observation, participant observation |
| researcher tries to intrude as minimally as possible by watching those being observed from a safe distance or hidden view | field observation |
| example of field observation | studying drug trade by spying from neighbouring window |
| criminologist may join gang or group to gain inside information, or put self in prison to better understand | participant observation |
| ethical issues with field and participant observation | no consent of those being studied (would refuse to cooperate) |
| rigorous studies that aim to isolate the influence of one or more variables through controlled conditions | experiment |
| is an example of what: overpaying store clerks to see if they return the money | field experiment |
| provide rich details into the life of crime | biographies |
| problem with studying biographies | report one individual, might not be generalizeable |
| recording of historical information through interviews | oral histories |
| common yield of hits when google crime | 519 million |
| ___ in 100 cases results in a conviction or guilty plea | 5 |
| type of crime media focuses on | violent |
| violent crime in Canada less than __ of offenses | 13 |
| homicide/rape/sexual assault/robbery | interpersonal violent crime |
| homicide not criminal if ___ exists for the act | legal defence |
| first degree murder involves ___ and ___ | premeditation and dliberation |
| second degree murder | malice but no premeditation |
| reported homicides in Canada in 2007 | 594 |
| homicide rate in canada | 1.7 per 100 000 |
| most common murder weapon/method | stabbing |
| how many homicides gang related | 1/6 |
| cities with highesrt murder | Edmonton, Regina |
| who most likely to commit murder | males late teens-20s |
| homicide vs ethnicity | offender and victim same, intra-racial |
| murders within family | 85% |
| common motives of homicide | family disputes, altercations, jealousy, revenge |
| significant proportion of homicides where victims egged on abuser | victim precipitation |
| killers getting large amount over many years | serial killers |
| kill mny victim in single episode | mass murderers |
| serial killers: | sadistic psychopaths, history of mental illness, slyq |
| mass murderers: | regarded as ordinary langstanding grievances, blame others for problems, usually just can't cope after loss |
| kill many over short time | spree killers |
| segregation of a prisoner who is considered to have an elevated risk to be victimized by other inmates | protective custody |
| allows convicted killers to apply for an early parole hearing before they have served the mandated 25 years | faint hope clause |
| non-consensual sex | forcible rape |
| rape against minors | statutory rape |
| when did the Canadian Criminal Code review rape to sexua assault? | 1983 |
| level 1 of sexual assault | no bodily harm or weapon |
| level 2 of sexual assault | involves weapon or bodily harm |
| level 3 of sexual assault | wounding, disfiguring or endangering life |
| spousal exemption | the former laws saying if rape was between spouses it wasn't rape |
| low reporting rate of sexual assault | 10% |
| level 3 sexual assault counts for how much of total | 1 percent |
| level 2 of sexual assault how much of total | 1.5 |
| decline of sexual assault before 2006 | 26% |
| half of rape committed against who? | children and women under 18 |
| most offenders of rape | men under 25 |
| power rapist | seeks to dominate but not harm |
| anger rapist | takes out anger on victim, frequently injures, wants maximum harm |
| sadistic rapist | fuses sexuality and aggression, especially traumatic |
| opportunistic rapits | not usually rapist, but takes opportunity while committing another crime |
| social/date rape | usually drugged or partner |
| intentional application of force against another person without consent of that person | assault |
| level 1 assault | common assault |
| level 2 assault | bodily harm or use of weapon |
| level 3 assauly | disfiguration or permanent damage |
| non sexual assaults make up how much of all violent crime | 80% |
| main offenders of assauly | young or middle aged males |
| firearms are used in how much assault | 10-20% |
| assault between spouses | spousal battery |
| types of child abuse | sexual abuse, neglect |
| harming of a child due to inattention | neglect |
| victims of child abuse more likely to what? | become offenders later |
| most frequent target of abuse within family | spouse |
| types of spouse abuse | physical, psychological, sexual, economic deprivation, social isolation |
| common cycle with spousal abuse | caught up in cycle of intimate loving them and abusing them |
| "honeymoon period" in cycle of violence | promises to never do it again, things are great for a while, things return to how they were |
| common trait with familial assauly | repeated |
| theft with use of force or intimidation | robbery |
| robberies make up ___% of reported violent crimes | 10 |
| violent crime fitting definition of desperate/predatory act by a strangerq | robbery |
| how many robbers are armed? | at least half |
| does robbery result in injury? | not usually, victim complies out of fear |
| when are many robberies planned? | just minutes before |
| link between robbers and victims | none |
| who commits vast majority of robberies | males under 18 |
| robberies happen in secrecy? | nope, often in public even just outside on the street |
| robbers with long-term commitment to crime as a way of life, plan meticulously, use firearms work in groups | professional |
| opportunistic, committing robberies when a vulnerable target is available | occasional |
| robebrs with low commitment to robbery | addicted/alcoholic robbers |
| hate/bias crimes | shown that offence was motivated by hate |
| vandalism | hate crime against property |
| trying to completely abolish one group from society | genocide |
| criminal harrassment | stalking |
| watching, following & threatening repeatedly | stalking |
| what must there be to qualify as stalking? | repeated history of behaviour |
| stalking with electronic mediums | cyberstalking |
| victims of stalking most likely to be: | under 40 |
| bill C-126 | anti-stalking/criminal harrassment |
| violence originating from supervisors, employees, clients | workplace violence |
| use of violence or threats to create widespread fear to coerce governments or the public to act in a specific way | terrorism |
| goal of terrorism | cause alarm or demoralize a wider audience |
| qdesign regarding victims of terrorism | claim maximum civilian lives |
| domestic terrorism | home-grown, in same country |
| international terrorism | roots outside target country |
| how terrorists often receive funding | robbery, kidnapping, drug trade |
| how is terrorism classified? ___ of victims, who are mere pawns | dehumanization |
| all major forms of violent crime in Canada have ___ | declined |
| emerging forms of violent crime | terrorism, hate crimes, stalking, workplace violence |
| assaults that have produced fatal injuries | homicide |
| illegal acquisition of cash or goods from people | property crimes |
| key aspect of theft | uses stealth |
| professional thieves | account for small percentage of those who steal, make business of stealing |
| persistent thieves | alternate between types ex. break and enter, robbery and car theft. commit many crimes but not as skilled as professionals |
| unlawful entry to commit an offence | break and enter |
| occasional offenders | commit sporadically, millions who shoplift etc. unlikely to be career offenders |
| act of dishonestly taking property with intent of depriving owner of it | theft |
| most common form of property crime | theft |
| theft includes: | shoplifting, pick pocketing, bicycle theft, |
| over under value of theft | is it over (A) 5000 or under (B) 5000 |
| largest single crime category | thefts under $5000 |
| wuarter of all criminal offences | theft under %5000 |
| how many people are victims of personal property theft | 1/10 |
| close to ___ of all theft less than $100 | half |
| who most likely to be victim of theft? | young Canadians 15-24 five times as likely |
| shoplifting with employee theft cost how much loss per year: | 2.7 billion |
| shoplifting how much of loss | 1/3 |
| employe theft how much of loss | 2/3 |
| percentage of people who shoplift | 2/3 |
| motivation for shoplifting | thrill |
| type of criminal who don't view themselves as criminals at all | shoplifting |
| director of shoplifting ring | develops plan and tells what to steal |
| boosters of shoplifting ring | enter store to do stealing |
| mules of shoplifting ring | transport stolen from store to getaway vehicle |
| lookouts of shoplifting ring | keep eye out for police or security |
| fences of shoplifting ring | who sell stolen goods to other retailers or general public |
| where many shoplifted items show up for sale | flea markets |
| theft or attempted theft of a car | motorvehicle theft |
| most consistently reported property crime | motor vehicle theft, due to insurance |
| 146 000, 400/day of what are stolen | motor vehicles |
| type of car theft that are robberis | carjacking, while victim is in or near car |
| most effective means of preventing car thefts | alarm systems which instead of making sound prevent the car from moving |
| decoy car, used to catch car thives | bait car (sprays red paint all over thme) |
| amount of break ins eac hyear in canada | half a million 1/25 |
| how many breakins are residential? | 6/10 |
| percentage of break ins reported | around half |
| type of theft most traumatic | break ins |
| violence in how many cases the victim is home during a break in | 1/3 |
| professional at break ins | burglar |
| individual who regularly buys and sells stolen property, using legitimate business as cover | professional fence |
| use of deceit or falsehood for financial gain | fraud |
| in 2007 how many reported cases of fraud | 80 000 |
| includes altering cheques, cashing cheques drawn on nonexistent or under=funded accounts, forging another cheque, fake cheques etc. | cheque fraud |
| when information on credit cards are stolen to nlawfully obtain merchandise | credit card fraud |
| Canadian number of credit card fraud cases in 2007 | 177 000, VISA & mastercard alone |
| accounts, information, pin etc. stolen | identity theft |
| most common type of fraud | income tax fraud |
| get-rich-quick scams | confidence games |
| large-scale pyramid swindling | Ponzi scheme |
| total amount of insurance fraud claims in canada | 1.3 billion |
| examples of extreme insurance fraud | torching of struggling businesses, staging of car accidents |
| more common forms of insurance fraud | inflated claims by homeowners following fire, accident or theft |
| fake money or objects | counterfeiting |
| how many counterfeit bills passed in Canada in 2006 | close to 300 000, valuing 6.7 million |
| wilful burning of building or property | arson |
| vandalizing, poaching, dumping garbage on roads | environmental abuse |
Created by:
pickle131