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Science Chapter 2
Cell Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| autotroph | an organism that can make its own food |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| fermentation | the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen |
| heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants and some other organisms capture the energy in sunlight and use it to make food |
| pigment | a colored chemical compound that absorbs light |
| respiration | the process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain |
| stomata | small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move |
| cell cycle | the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
| chromatid | material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information |
| chromosome | a doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information |
| cytokinesis | the final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides |
| interphase | the stage of the cycle cycle that takes place before cell division occurs |
| mitosis | the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei |
| replication | the process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus |
| cancer | a disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them |
| chemotherapy | the use of drugs to kill cancer cells |
| mutation | a change in a gene or chromosome |
| tumor | a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably |
| During DNA replication, adenine (A) always pairs with... | Thymine (T) |
| Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which... | the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei |
| The state of the cell cycle that follows mitosis is called... | cytokinesis |
| Together, respiration and photosynthesis keep the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere... | fairly constant |
| What happens during photosynthesis? | The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make food. |
| What are the products of photosynthesis? | oxygen and sugars |
| What factor may lead to almost as many cancer deaths as does tobacco? | an unhealthy diet |
| How many different types of cancer are there? | over 100 |
| Under which of the following conditions is lactic-acid fermentation most likely to occur? playing video games, a long walk, a very fast run | a very fast run |
| What is chemotherapy? | the use of drugs to treat a disease |
| What captures energy from sunlight during photosynthesis? | chlorophyll and other pigments |
| How are photosynthesis and respiration related? | They have opposite equations |
| Each rung of the DNA ladder is made of... | a pair of nitrogen bases |
| What is copied during replication? | the cell's DNA |
| Carbon dioxide enters plants through the... | stomata |
| The stage of respiration that releases most of the energy in glucose occurs in the... | Mitochondria |
| A DNA molecule is shaped like a... | spiral staircase |
| What are chromatids? | identical strands of chromosomes |
| What forms around the chromatids during mitosis? | two new nuclei |
| What is a cancer tumor? | a mass of abnormal cells |
| The energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen is called... | fermentation |
| Cancer is a disease in which cells... | grow and divide uncontrollably |
| In which of these does alcoholic fermentation occur? carbon dioxide, lactic acid, yeast | yeast |
| How does photosynthesis benefit hetertrophs? | it creates food that they can eat |
| The regular cycle of growth and division that cells undergo is called... | the cell cycle |
| Scientists think cancer begins when... | a mutation occurs in DNA |
| During what stage of the cell cycle does replication occur? | Interphase |
| What happens during respiration? | glucose is broken down, releasing energy |
| What is a major cause of lung cancer? | smoking |
| What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells? | two new daugher cells are formed |
| True or False: A hetertroph is an organism that cannot make its own food. | True |
| True or False: A mutation is a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. | False (tumor) |
| True or False: Plants use energy from the sun to produce carbon dioxide and sugars. | False (Oxygen and sugars) |
| True or False: When muscle cells run low on oxygen, lactic acid fermentation takes place. | True |
| True or False: A cell makes a copy of its DNA during the state of the cell cycle called mitosis. | False (Interphase) |
| True or False: In a DNA molecule, guanine always pairs with thymine. | False (guanine pairs with cytosine) |
| True or False: Cancerous cells grow in an abnormal way. | True |
| True or False: The raw materials for respiration are the opposite of the end products for photosynthesis. | False |
| True or False: Photosynthesis and respiration form a cycle that keeps the levels of water and carbon dioxide fairly constant in the atmosphere. | False (levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide) |
| True or False: Radiation is more harmful to normal cells than to cancerous cells. | False (more harmful to cancerous cells than to normal cells) |
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7thgrade