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COMH 232 Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two components in every message? | Literal and symbolic |
| What is Huxley's method for achieving clear vision? | Sensing + Selecting + Perceiving = Seeing |
| What are the two major classes of optical illusions? | Physiological and Cognitive |
| What are the three types of Cognitive optical illusions? | Ambiguous, Distorting and Paradox |
| What four major attributes of object does the brain most quickly respond to? (Visual Cues) | Color, Form, Depth and Movement |
| What are the three different methods used to describe color? | Objective, Comparative and Subjective |
| What three types of form are recognized by the brain? | Dots Lines and Shapes |
| What are the eight depth factors? | Shape, Size, Color, Lighting, Textural gradients, Interposition, Time, Perspective |
| What are the three types of perspective? | Illusory, Geometrical and Conceptual |
| What are the two types of conceptual perspective? | Multiview and Social |
| What are the four types of movement? | Real, Apparent, Graphic and Implied |
| What are the four fundamental principles of grouping? | Similarity, Proximity, Continuation and Common Fate |
| What is constructivism? | It emphasizes the viewer's eye movement in the active state of perception; used to explain the viewer's mental state |
| What are the four visual theories? | Gestalt, Constructivism, Semiotics and Cognitive |
| What two men were involved with Semiotics? | Saussere and Peirce |
| What did Saussere believe regarding signs? | Signified+Signifier=Sign |
| What did Peirce believe regarding signs? | Believed in a triadic sign: sign+object+interpretant |
| What are the two types of signs? | Motivated and Arbitrary |
| What are two examples of motivated signs? | Indexical and Iconic |
| What is an example of an arbitrary sign? | Symbol signs |
| What are the two levels of meaning in words? | Denotation and Connotation |
| What are the four types of code? | Metonymic, Analogical, Displaced and Condensed |
| What are mental activities that affect visual perception? | Memory, Projection, Expectation, Selectivity, Habituation, Salience, Dissonance, Culture, and Words |
| What are strategies? | Long-term, large-scale measures employed to control the behaviors of workers/consumers |
| What are tactics? | Short-term, provisional measures employes by workers to circumvent the goals of those trying to control them |
| What is a visual analysis? | A critical exercise in which a student examines the various parts of an image to better understand the whole |
| Who are important visual critics? | Arnheim, Berger, Barthes, and Sontag |
| What are the steps to prepare for analysis? | Inventory, Composition, Visual Cues, Semiotics, Cognitive Elements, Purpose of the Work, Image Aesthetics |
| What are the six perspectives used in visual analysis? | Personal, Historical, Technical, Ethical, Cultural, Critical |
| What are the six principal ethical philosophies? | Golden Rule, Hedonism, Golden Mean, Utilitarianism, Categorical Imperative, Veil of Ignorance |
| What is the Golden Rule? | Pittacus-"do unto other as you would have them do unto you" |
| What is Hedonism? | Arstippus-Self interest/pursuit of pleasure |
| What is the Golden Mean? | Aristotle-moderation, no extremes |
| What is the Categorical Imperative? | Kant-unconditional rule, employed without exception |
| What is Utilitarianism? | John Stuart Mill-greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people |
| What is the Veil of Ignorance? | Rawls-everyone should be considered equal, no class should have advantages over another |
| What are the three parts of persuasion? | Ethos, Pathos and Logos |
| What was the first real example of Typography? | Gutenberg's Bible |
| What set Gutenberg's Bible apart? | It was known for its' moveable type |
| When was the oldest known example of moveable type created? | 11th century China, by Pi-Sheng |
| What is the oldest known printed book? | Diamond Sutra |
| Why was the printing press so significant? | It signified the transition from the Dark Ages to the Renaissance, increased education, and brought literacy to the middle class. |
| What are the two primary forms of writing? | Pictographic and Phonetic |
| What is the difference between pictographic and phonetic writing? | Phonetic writing focuses on individual syllables or sounds |
| What was the importance of writing in Western culture? | Writing in Ancient Greece helped foster the development of logic, abstract reasoning and philosophy, and reshaped how people thought about themselves and society |
| Development of the steam press and "hot type"? | Frederich Koenig (developed a steam-powered printing press that could print 1,100 sheets a day), Richard Hoe (rotary press could print both type AND images), Linotype machines automated typesetting |
| What was the importance of photographic and digital "cold type"? | They didn't rely on metal typesetting and made things more flexible for designers. Computer methods also later eliminated the need to set type. |
| List the typeface families: | Blackletter, Serif, Sans Serif, Square serif, Script, Miscellaneous |
| What are the seven typeface attributes? | Size, color, font, column, justification, space, animation |
| What is the difference between kerning and leading? | Kerning refers to the adjustment of space between letters, leading is the space between each line |
| What are some ethical issues related to typography? | Hedonism (the argument of usefulness vs. personal expression) and copyright/right to typefaces |
| List the five typographic eras: | Pre-Gutenberg, Gutenberg, Industrial, Artistic, and Digital. |
| What are two trends that have arisen from typography? | DIY design/publishing and the rise of e-books |
| Who were two famous artists associated with Graphic Design? | Saul Bass and William Dwiggins |
| What was Saul Bass famous for? | He was a highly renowned graphic designer who produces motion picture posters, credits, etc. |
| What was William Dwiggins known for? | Designing book covers for Alfred Knopf |
| Which graphic design era consisted of illustrations, custom typography and elaborate covers and borders? | the Gutenberg era |
| In which era was lithography invented? | the Industrial era |
| In which era were graphic design styles and technological advances merged? | the Artistic era |
| What is the golden ratio? | a+b is to a as a is to b (represented by the Greek letter phi) |
| What are the four elements of good graphic design? | contrast, balance, rhythm, and unity |
| What ethical issues are associated with graphic design? | utilitarianism, hedonism, and the golden mean |
| What are the two influential graphic design movements? | Free Form movement and the Grid movement |
| What styles were included in the Free Form movement? | Art nouveau, Dada, Art Deco, Pop Art, Punk, New wave, Hip hop |
| What styles were included in the Grid movement? | Bauhaus and De stijl |
| "One of the most striking things of the new visual culture is to visualize things that aren't _______"? | Visual |
| The first information graphics were ____? | Maps |
| The first map appeared in ________ in _______ BCE? | Mesopotamia, 3800 |
| The Greeks invented ________ and _________ in 6th century BCE? | Latitude, longitude |
| What were the three big examples of charts and graphs? | William Playfair: The Commercial and Political Atlas Dr. John Snow: mapped cholera to help find the cause Charles Minnard: charted Moscow to explain Napoleon's defeat |
| When was the first weather map created? | 1686 |
| What are the different types of infographics? | charts, data maps, fact boxes, tables, nondata maps, diagrams, courtroom sketches, TV schedules, calendars, icons/logos, flowcharts, time lines, illustrations |
| Who photographed "Migrant Mother"? | Dorothea Lange |
| "For photography to be a successful medium for visual communication, inventors had to develop a camera that..." | produced a sharp image, could stop fast action, recorded images that could be easily reproduced, and was simple to operate |
| What are the nine main photographic processes? | Heliography, daguerrotype, calotype, wet-collodion, color emulsions, gelatin-bromide dry plate, holography, instant, and digital |
| What four photographic processes were the most important, and why? | Daguerrotype (first stable process, sharp focus), Wet-Collodion (high quality and reproducible), Gelatin-Bromide (easy process for amateurs, sharp focus, could stop fast action) and Digital (instant high-quality image production) |
| The smaller the aperture, the _________ the depth of field; the larger the opening, the ______ the depth of field. | greater, more shallow |
| What four people were associated with Portraiture? | August Sanders, Diane Arbus, Richard Avedon, and Annie Leibovitz |
| What three people were associated with Landscape? | Timothy O'Sullivan, William Jackson, and Ansel Adams |
| Who was associated with Pictorialism? | Alfred Stieglitz |
| What were some elements of Pictorialism? | People thought that photography should imitate painting and etching; emphasis on soft focus, darkroom technique and sepia toning |
| What are the four privacy torts? | Intrusion upon the plaintiff's seclusion or solitude/private affairs, public disclosure of embarrassing private facts, publicity which places someone in a false light in the public eye, and appropriation of the plaintiff's name or likeness |
| What are some places where photojournalist's can shoot at any time? | street, sidewalk, beach, zoo, park, train station, bus station, public university campus, into the home of a window/business, a porch, a lawn |
| What are some places where photojournalist's can shoot if no one objects? | movie theater lobby, business office, hotel lobby, restaurant, private home, porch, lawn, apartment, hotel room, car |
| What are some facts about private property? | If asked to leave, you MUST do so, you don't have to hand over your images/camera, NO ONE can takes your items by force. |
| Eadweard Muybridge: | "The Horse in Motion", bet about horse's hooves |
| Edison/Dickson: | "Fred Ott's Sneeze" was the first motion picture preserved in the Library of Congress; kinetograph and kinetoscope |
| Lumiere Brothers: | known for cinematography, "Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory" and "Feeding the Baby", focused on outdoor filming of everyday situations |
| George Melies: | "A Trip to the Moon", used stop-motion animation |
| Edwin S. Porter: | "The Great American Train Robbery", invented the concept of cinematic time |
| "In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes"-______? | Andy Warhol |
| What is convergence culture? | The flow of content across multiple media platforms. |
| What is a micro-celebrity? | A micro-celebrity is someone who becomes famous not through the traditional channels of success, but who gains popularity by using social media |
| What is one of the biggest issues with today's celebrity culture? | The loss of connection between celebrity and talent. In today's society you don't have to be talented or possess any particular skill to be famous. People are simply famous for being famous. |
| What are the four main elements of the Pop Cycle? | Family, Community, Entertainment, and Career |
| What is an image of wide scope and who invented the idea? | An image of wide scope is something that is present in each area of our pop cycle and helps shape and determine who we are and how we view the world. The concept was created by Gerald Holton. |
| What is a "found object"? | (also known as object trouve) an everyday object turned into art by being modified, reconfigured, or combined by an artist |
| What two artists are well-known for their use of found objects? | Marcel Duchamp and Robert Rauschenberg |
| Marcel Duchamp: | "Fountain" was his most famous work; coined the term readymade, associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements |
| What was the significance of "Fountain"? | It called into question what art really was by proving that anything can be art within a certain context. |
| Robert Rauschenberg: | created a series of works called "combines" that mixed a variety of objects, largely affected by Abstract Expressionism |
| What are some modern views of museums? | memories are dead and traditions invented, sense of specific place and time are effaced under modernism, modern societies lose sense of tradition, and relationship to the past is seen as problematic |
| What was Sepulveda's argument? | she believes that past and present experiences are intertwined in museums, that objects from the past can be associated with emotions/values that can confront contemporary interpretations, and that we live somewhere between fantasy and reality. |
| What are the four ways in which we think of museums? | social place, source of reminiscence, source of emotion, place of wonders |
Created by:
lydia.durkovic