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chapter 5 psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience |
| classical conditioning | type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response |
| neutral stimulus | stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest |
| unconditioned stimulus | stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned |
| unconditioned response | response that's natural and needs no training |
| conditioned stimulus | a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response | response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus |
| classical conditioning application? | experimenters sounded loud noise just as they showed the baby a rat. the noise evoked fear but after a couple times, the baby associated the two together so the baby began to fear rats and then anything similar |
| operant conditioning application? | put hungry cat into cage and it learns to open the cage door to get food outside of cage |
| extinction | learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears |
| spontaneous recovery | the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning |
| stimulus generalization | process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus thats similar to the original conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus discrimination | process that occurs if 2 stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that evoked conditioned response but the other does not |
| operant conditioning | learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences |
| Edward Thorndike's law of effect | responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated |
| Little Albert Experiment-john watson | made a loud noise while showing baby a rat and he then associated the two leading to him being afraid of rats and anything similar knowing a loud noise would occur |
| reinforcement | process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated |
| positive reinforcer | stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response |
| negative reinforcer | unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future |
| punishment | stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again |
| disadvantages of punishment? | frequently ineffective;many convey that physical aggression is okay; doesn't convey what the right behavior is |
| schedules of reinforcement | different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior |
| continuous reinforcement schedule | reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement schedule | reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time |
| fixed-ratio schedule | schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of response are made |
| variable-ratio schedule | schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number |
| fixed-interval schedule | schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low |
| variable-interval schedule | schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed |
| shaping | process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| token economy | rewards a person for desired behavior with a token such as a token or play money |
| behavior modification | a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
| observational learning | learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model |
| Albert Bandura's classical experiment | young children watched film that showed adults hitting a bobo doll and later when the kids where allowed to play with the doll, they acted like the adults and hit them |
| systemic desensitization | behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety |
| what treatment is systemic desensitization used for? | to treat anxiety |
| cognitive learning | an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning |
Created by:
stantonk