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Mastering Bio Ch. 9

Study cards for Dr. Day's Survey of Biology at Clayton State

QuestionAnswer
What is a Redox Reaction? Oxidation-Reduction reaction
What happens when a molecule is oxidized? It loses an electron.
What happens when a molecule is reduced? It gains an electron.
What is fermentation? A catabolic process. A partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.
What is aerobic respiration? Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen. Catabolic process.
What is the reducing agent? The electron donor in a redox reaction.
What is the oxidizing agent? The electron recipient in a redox reaction.
What is NAD+? A coenzyme electron carrier/acceptor. An oxidizing agent during respiration. Most versatile electron acceptor in cellular respiration.
What is NADH? The reduced form of NAD+ (as evidenced by the H). Hydrogen has been received in the reaction. Represents stored energy that can be used to make ATP.
What is the electron transport chain? Consists of a number of molecules built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons removed from glucose are moved along the chain by NADH from the top to bottom and ultimately captured by Oxygen.
What are the stages of cellular respiration? 1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Oxidative phoshorylation
What is glycolysis? "Sugar splitting". Occurs in the cytosol. Begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
What are the two phases of glycolysis? Energy investment (uses 2mATP) and energy payoff (produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH).
What is oxidative phosphorylation? The process in cell metabolism by which respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria synthesize ATP from ADP in the form of an inorganic phosphate.
What is substrate level phosphorylation? Occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP.
What is pyruvate first converted into and where? In the mitochondrion, it is converted to acetyl CoA.
What is the citric acid cycle? AKA Kreb cycle. A metabolic furnace that oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate. Generates one ATP per turn by substrate level phosphorylation, but most energy is transferred to NAD and FAD.
How many steps in the citric acid cycle? Eight, each catalyzed by a different enzyme.
What is ATP synthase? A protein complex in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. An enzyme that makes ATP from ADP.
How does ATP synthase work? It works like an ion pump "running in reverse". Multisubunit complex with four parts.
What is chemiosmosis? Energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as synthesis of ATP.
What is the flow of energy during cellular respiration? glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP
Types of Fermentation: 1. Alcohol 2. Lactic Acid
What is Alcohol fermentation? Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps. Yeast.
What is Lactic Acid fermentation? Pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to form Lactate. Human muscle cells.
How is glucose oxidized? 1. Dehydrogenase: removes hydrogen from glucose 2. NAD+: coenzyme that picks up the electrons and carries them to oxygen (sister enzyme to FAD+)
What is the byproduct(s) of Glycolysis? two H2O
Where is pyruvate groomed? Mitochondria matrix. Produces 1 NADH. Byproduct CO2. THIS HAPPENS TWICE BECAUSE THERE ARE TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE FROM GLYCOLYSIS.
Where does the citric acid cycle occur? Mitochondrial matrix. Produces: one ATP, three NADH, one FADH. Byproduct: two CO2. THIS HAPPENS TWICE BECAUSE THERE ARE TWO MOLECULES OF ACETYL COA.
What is the theoretical maximum yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose? 36-38 ATP.
What other sources of energy exist? Proteins, carbohydrates, fats
Created by: ghouliegrrrl
 

 



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