Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Test 5
Biology Test Five Notes
| Questions | Answers |
|---|---|
| Digestive System? | A system inside animals in which food is taken in and broken down to the point at which useful substances can be absorbed by the circulatory system which then transports these substances to individual cells where they are again absorbed. |
| What is Digestion? | The breaking down of food into small, soluble units that can pass through cell membranes. |
| Why Digestion? | So that the molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane. |
| What are the 6 essential nutrients? | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamens, and water. |
| During enzymatic digestion carbohydrates are broken down in? | Simple sugar eg. glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Fats are broken down into? | Fatty acids, and glycerine |
| Proteins into? | Amino Acids (in chains of peptides) |
| Minerals? | Are inorganic compounds that the body needs in small amounts. They are easily absorbed into the bloodstream and are the esential component of enzymes, hemoglobin, hormomes and vitamens. |
| Hydrolysis? | Chemical breakdown of food by adding water. A water molecule is added at the point where a link in a more complex molecule is being broken. |
| Does hydrolysis occur spontaneously? | It can but at a very slow rate. It is sped up by enzymes; biological catalysts. |
| What are the 3 kinds of enzymes associated with digestion? | Carbohydrases, lipases, and proteinases. (named after the compounds they help break down). |
| Where are these enzymes made? | Formed by the secretory cells and then secreted into the digestive tract. |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | . |
| Where do fungi get most of their nutrients from? What are they not getting from this source? | They get most of their nutrients from trees, which do not provide fungi with enough nitrogen to run their breakdown organisms (need 30:1 ratio of carbon to nitrogen, wood provides 1000:1) |
| What do some breakdown organisms do? | They process vast amounts of cellulose to get their nitrogen; herbivores. |
| How do other get their nitrogen? | By preying on small animals; aka worms, which is meat which contains protiens, made up of amino acids which contain nitrogen. |
| Where do plants get their food from? | Get some minerals from soil, photosynthesize to make sugars (doesn't have to be digested), sugar is stored as starch at the bottom of the plant until spring. This starch must be digested into sugar and water. (starch can't go up phloem, will clog). |
| Which part of the fungi feasts on the worms (nematodes & rotifers)? | The mycelium. A mass of interwoven, threadlike filaments. |
| How does the mycelium kill? | Get into victims mouths and corkscrew, imbed in them like hooks, use constrictor snares which snap shut quickly, infective bodies which detach and cling, and gun cells |
| Why do plants photosynthesize? | If they aren't getting enough food from the soil, make sugar (doesn't need to be digested) |
| What are insectivorous plants? | Plants which eat insects such as the venus fly trap, pitcher plant, and sandoo. Venus fly trap closes around flies, pitcher plant has a pool of enzymes at it's base where flies die, and the sandoo has sticky sporelike projections where insects get stuck |
| Heterotrophs? | Organisms that depend on organic molecules manufactured by other living things. Their survival depends on the organic molecules synthesized by the autotrophs. |
| Autotrophs? | Organisms that can nourish themselves using inorganic material. Can build organic molecules from simple inorganic starting materials such as water and carbon dioxide. |
| Ordinary Autotrophs; Potatoes and Sugar Maples? | . |
| Explain amoeba digestion. | It is intracellular. Cilia moves food down to the bottom of the mouth. Food diffuses or does pinocytosis to get through the mouth and into the body where it becomes a food vacuole. The food vacuole them fuses with a lysosome (now called digestive vacuole) |
| (blank) | (A lysosome is a membrane bound sac of digestive enzymes) The contents of the food vacuole are digested and the waste is secreted out of the cell by pinocytosis (fusing vacuole w/cell membrane). |
| Explain hydra digestion. | Food enters the gastrovascular cavity through the pharynx (extended from the main body). Here enzymes are secreted to partially digest the food (extracellular digestion). |
| (blank) | The somewhat broken down food particles are taken into the hydra cells by phagocytosis, and the digestion finishes here. (waste leaves via the pharynx, the same way it came in. |
| Explain Earthworm digestion. | Food enters the mouth and travels to the esophagus straight through the body to the intestine, and then the anus. Along the way nutrients from the food is absorbed, and the waste makes its way out. It is more efficient because of specialization. |
| Explain grasshopper digestion. | Food enters through the pharynx, to the esophagus, crop, midgut, malphighian tubes, intestine, anus. Food/waste can be stored in the gastric caeca (dead end). Salivary glands and midgut secrete digestive enzymes (eg. protease, lipase, amylase, invertase) |
| What are the 4 main mouthparts of the grasshopper? | Labrum (upper lip), Mandibles (teeth), Maxillae (manipulators), Labium (lower lip). |
| What was benedicts solution an indicator for? | Sugar (if it became orange, there was sugar present, more vibrant = stronger concentration) |
| What was Lugol's iodine solution an indicator for? | Starch, solution became purple if there was starch. |
| What did the lab prove? | Starch cannot diffuse, sugar can. Starch can be digested/broken down into sugar and water. |
| What is diastase? | An enzyme which can breakdown starch, similar to one we have in our own bodies; amylase. |
| What is mechanical digestion? | The physical breaking down of food into smaller pieces. |
| What is chemical digestion? | The seperation of food into it's molecular components by chemical means. |
| Mechanical and Chemical digestion both? | Provide nutrients that are absorbed in the body. |
| Where does digestion begin? | In the mouth. |
| Mechanical digestion in the mouth? | Teeth:Mash Food. Tongue:Mash food,manipulate. Palate:(roof of mouth)has ridges,help to break food apart. Cheeks:Keep food in,have mucus glands. Mucus:Lubricates the mouth,softens and dissolves food. Saliva:Moistens and lubricates. |
| How does the saliva get into the mouth? | Through 4 different glands. 2 Parotid glands (infront and below the ears; largest), Submaxillary Gland (below jaw), Sublingual Gland (below tongue; smallest). Must be stimulated by taste, thought, smell to release saliva. |
| What is the saliva's part in chemical digestion? | Contains an enzyme; salivary amylase. (begins digestion process of starch) |
| Chemical digestion? | Starts in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and finishes in the small intestine. |
| Esophagus? | Not important for digestion, food doesn't spend much time here. Does peristalsis (swallowing motion of food; or bolus). It has longitudinal muscles which help move food, and a thick muscular ring before the entrance to the stomach; controls food flow. |
| What are the 3 muscle layers in the stomach? (mechanical digestion) | 1. Longitudal, Circular, and Oblique (makes it dif. than esophagus). The oblique muscles make the churning motion. There are also ridges-rugae inside the stomach which help break up food. |
| egarding mechanical digestion the stomach also has glands secreting? | Mucus (softens to help breakdown food) and HCl (kills bacteria, dissolves substances) |
| Regarding chemical digestion the stomach lining has glands which secrete? | HCl (which lowers pH, enzymes work better at a low pH), enzymes, rennin and pepsinogen. -->These are secreted via tubes/ducts. |
| What is pepsinogen? | An inactive form of pepsin which stays in the glands lining the stomach until it is needed (there is food in the stomach) and secreted into the stomach. It becomes active when it mixes with HCl; becomes pepsin. |
| What is pepsin? | A proteolytic enzyme, gastic protease, which breaks down protein into peptides. |
| What does rennin do? | It precipitates (takes out of solution) milk proteins. This makes it easier for the enzymes which work on milk proteins. (produced in mammals because they digest milk products) |
| Why isn't the stomach damaged by the acids in there? | Mucus lining the stomach protects it. Acid reflex disease is when the acid gets into the esophagus where the cells are no longer protected. |
| What does the small intestine have in order to increase its surface area? | Circular folds in its mucous membrane. Greater SA = increased amount of digested food that can be absorbed. |
| What else helps to increase the surface area? | Villi; finger-like projections to further increase the absorptive surface of the intestinal tract. |
| What is in the spaces between the villi? | Intestinal glands which secrete intestinal juices. |
| What else are in the villi? | Lacteal or Lymph vessels, which accept and carry the larger fat particles that are absorbed from the intestine. These vessels flows into the lymphatic circulatory system. |
| What does the liver produce? | Bile (stored in the gall bladder) and bile salts made from cholesterol. |
| What do bile salts do? | 1.They have pigments (the discarded pigments from RBC) which add color to stool 2.They emulsify/breakup fats (more surface area for enzymes to act on) 3.pH adjustement (makes pH in stomach neutral/slightly basic to prepare for the intestine). |
| What else does the liver do? | Stores material, detoxifies poisons ingested with food, breaks down old rbc and uses parts of the decomposed molecule. |
| Which two glands make up the pancreas? | An exocrine gland; delivers (enzymes?) through ducts/tubes. An endocrine gland; responsible for hormone production (no pipes, hormones seep into bloodstream) |
| What else does the pancreas do? | It is the source of several enzymes that act on carbs, fats, and peptides. |
| The bile duct from the liver and the pancreas feed into the? | Duodenum; the small intestine. |
| **Small intestine has 3 layers of folds; the mucous membrane, the villi, the microvilli. | (blank) |
| What does gastric juice contain? | HCl and the enzyme pepsin. |
| Salivary amylase? | Acts:mouth, On:starch,glycogen, Makes:maltose, Comes From:salivary glands |
| Pepsin? | Acts:stomach, On:protein, Makes:peptides, Comes From:Pepsinogen and HCl which come from stomach glands |
| Lipase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:fats, Makes:fatty acids and glycerol, From:Secreted by stomach glands (doesn't work in stomach-too acid) |
| Pancreatic Amylase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:stach, Makes:maltose, From:Pancreas |
| Pancreatic Lipase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:fat, Makes:glycerol and fatty acids, From:pancreas |
| Trypsin? | Acts:s.intestine, On:peptides, Makes:Simpler peptides, From:tyrpsinogen from pancreas and enterokinase from walls of duodenum |
| Chymotrypsin? | Acts:s.intestine, On:peptides, Makes:Simpler peptides, From:trypsin and chymotrypsinogen |
| Carboxypeptidase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:peptides, Makes:simpler peptides, From:pancreas |
| Ribonuclease? | Acts:s.intestine, On:ribonucleic acid, Makes:nucleotides, From:pancreas |
| Deoxyribonuclease? | Acts:s.intestine, On:deoxyribo-nucleic acid, Makes:nucleotides, From:pancreas |
| Aminopeptidase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:peptides, Makes:simpler peptides, From:glands in the walls of the s.intestine |
| Tripeptidase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:Tripeptides, Makes:dipeptide and an amino acid, From:glands in the walls of the s.intestine. |
| Maltase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:maltose, Makes:two glucose molecules, From:glands in the walls of the s.intestine |
| Sucrase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:sucrose, Makes:a molecule of fructose and glucose, From:intestinal glands |
| Lactase? | Acts:s.intestine, On:lactose, Makes:a molecule of glucose and galactose, From:intestinal glands |
Created by:
simply_blonde88