total college career gain in females and males

female: 6.5 lbs; male: 12.1 lbs

the problem with freshmen students gaining weight is

they steadily gain weight during and after college

is cigarette smoking or poor diet/physical inactivity/excess weight responsible for more cancer deaths?

neither; each responsible for 1/3 of all us cancer deaths

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FS HN 167 exam 1

food science and nutrition

Question	Answer
of the freshman students in the private university study that gained weight, what was the average gain over the year?	7.4 lbs
the overall average weight increase over freshman year in the private university study	2.7 lbs
the average freshman weight gain in the nationwide study was	2.5-3.5 lbs
total college career gain in females and males	female: 6.5 lbs; male: 12.1 lbs
average weight gain per year for US adult is approx	1 lb
college freshman gain weight at a higher/lower rate than average for US adults	higher
the problem with freshmen students gaining weight is	they steadily gain weight during and after college
drinking, pizza, all you can eat dining centers, late nights, and lack of exercise lead to	college weight gain
most freshman weight gain occurs	during the first semester
easy accessibility of _____ in dorms is a contributing factor to college weight gain	junk foods
greater variety of foods is proven to	increase food intake
all you can eat dining halls are associated with	longer meals and eating more
Iowa's obesity level rank is ___ of all states at ___%	12; 30.4
top four states with highest obesity rates also had highest	physical inactivity rates
obesity has ______ since 1976 by 20.7%	increased
obesity percent in america in 1976	15%
obesity percent in america in 2009	35.7%
at least __ in 5 people is obese in every state	1
41 states have a rate equal to or above __%	25
___ rankings are leveling off	obesity
the average american adult is more than ___ pounds heavier today than in 1960	24
obesity rates have doubled/tripled/quadrupled in young adults	tripled
___ in 3 children are overweight or obese ___ in 3 adults are overweight or obese	1; 2
recent studies have shown an increasing/decreasing rate of obesity among low income preschoolers	decreasing
___% adults that have type two diabetes are undiagnosed	3
3% adults with _______ are undiagnosed	type two diabetes
_____% adults are prediabetic	37
37% adults are _______	prediabetic
___% adults have type two diabetes	8
8% adults have ________	type two diabetes
average age of diagnosis of diabetes is increasing/decreasing	decreasing
average age of diagnosis of diabetes is decreasing as childhood _____ and a _______ lifestyle become the norm	obesity; sedentary
overweight and obesity, particularly at younger ages, increases the lifetime risk of _____	diabetes
the best way to intervene to reduce obesity is to start _____ in life	early
type two diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, and more are _______ of obesity	consequences
___% of every dollar spent on medical costs is used to treat obesity related chronic diseases and risk factors (ie high cholesterol and high blood sugar)	75
$_______ is annual losses of businesses due to obesity related job absenteeism	4.3 billion
total annual health care expenses for obese children is higher/lower than the average for all children	higher
obesity-related hospitalization costs have increased/decreased for children and youths	increased
major causes of death in US are lifestyle related _______ chronic diseases	preventable
_______ _______ and _______ are the most common lifestyle related preventable chronic diseases	heart disease; cancer
heart disease and cancer are the most common lifestyle related preventable chronic diseases and account for almost __% of all death in US	50
___ _____ are the leading cause of death	personal decisions
____% of all premature deaths in us can be attributed to personal decisions	44.5
44.5% of all _______ deaths in us can be attributed to personal decisions	premature
44.5% of all premature deaths in us can be attributed to personal ________	decisions
smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol, drugs, condoms, and suicide are all examples of the _____ ________ that contribute to 44.5% of all premature deaths	personal decisions
1069160 premature deaths occurred in the us one year due to personal decisions. of these, 41% were due to decisions about _____ and ______	diet; exercise
each year, more than 572000 amis die of cancer. about (one tenth/ one fifth/ one fourth/one third) of these deaths are linked to poor diet, physical inactivity and excess weight	one third
is cigarette smoking or poor diet/physical inactivity/excess weight responsible for more cancer deaths?	neither; each responsible for 1/3 of all us cancer deaths
_______ lifestyles are often blamed for our increasing levels of obesity	sedentary
are sedentary lifestyles the primary thing to blame for our increasing levels of obesity?	no
scientists compared walking and daily expenditure data of hazda (foraging lifestyle) to that of western populations and found that the hazda burn more/fewer calories	fewer
the hazda have a higher/lower metabolism because they consume fewer/more calories	lower; fewer
western civilians burn more/fewer calories but weigh more because of higher/lower calorie consumption	more; higher
results from the hazda study suggest that _________ ______ is the primary reason for the obesity epidemic	calorie consumption
______ rates change as people adopt a western style of eating	disease
japanese males migrate to the US. you can expect their colon cancer death rate to increase/decrease and their stomach cancer death rate to increase/decrease	increase; decrease
japanese males migrate to US. you can expect their colon/stomach cancer death rate to increase and their colon/stomach cancer death rate to decrease	colon; stomach
top three countries when it comes to life expectancy at birth are	monaco; macau; japan
the US is rated #__ of all countries when it comes to life expectancy at birth	51
the life expectancy in (story county iowa/quitman county mississippi) for males is 78.5 and for females 83.1	story county iowa
the life expectancy in (story county iowa/quitman county mississippi) for males is 66 years and for females 74.1 years	quitman county mississippi
the gap between the US an countries with the highest life expectancies has been _______	widening
the widening gap between the US and countries with the highest life expectancies is due to the ________ epidemic	obesity
poor ____ is the major risk factor for premature death and disability	diet
poor diet is the major risk factor for premature death and disability, even more than	smoking
the US focuses on treatment/prevention	treatment
is treatment or prevention more expensive to focus on?	treatment
_______ of the diet is the biggest determinant of health in US (then smoking then obesity then high blood sugar and obesity)	composition
composition of the diet is the #__ contributor to premature death in US	1
women/men live longer because of genetics and evolution	women
since 1960, death rates due to heart disease has increased/decreased by a lot	decreased
death rate from _______ _______ has plunged 60% since 1950	heart disease
awareness, working for prevention, a decrease in the number of people who smoke, decrease in animal fat and cholesterol intake, and improvements in medications to lower blood cholesterol have caused ______ _______ to plunge 60% since 1950	heart disease
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 mission: provide __________ objectives with ___ year targets	measurable; 10
one of the HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 missions: identify nationwide health improvement priorities	true
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 goals: improve general health and attain high-quality longer lives free of _______ diseases	preventable
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 goals: eliminate disparities and improve health of ______	all groups
definition: attainment of highest level of health for all people	term: health equity
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 goals/missions: identify nationwide health improvement priorities provide measurable objectives with 10 year targets	missions
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 missions/goals: attain high quality longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death (improve general health) eliminate disparities and improve health of all groups (health equity)	goals
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 measurable objectives include 22 nutrition and ______ status objectives	weight
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 reduce proportion of children and adolescents who are ____ target 14.6% benchmark 16.2%	obese
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 reduce _____ intake for those 2 and older target 2300 mg/day benchmark 3641 mg/day	sodium
HEALTHY PEOPLE is a systematic approach to improving health. enables policymakers to ________ actual progress within a decade	measure
HEALTHY PEOPLE is a systematic approach to improving health. enables policymakers to measure actual progress within a_______	decade
MORE MATTERS is a national public health initiative to encourage amis to eat more _____ and _____	fruits and vegetables
less active women should have 1.5-2 cups _____ and 2-2.5 cups ______ per day	fruits; vegetables
less active men should have 2 cups _____ and 2.5-3 cups ______	fruits; vegetables
EAT ___-____ A DAY is the current government guidelines, as opposed to the old EAT ____ A DAY	7; 13; 5
EAT 7-13 A DAY is the current dietician/government guidelines	government
most amis eat much more/less than recommended fruits and veggies	less
the current government guidelines suggest eating how many servings of fruits and veggies?	7-13
the average person consumes ___ servings of fruits and veggies	1.8
vegetable intake (2-18 years) is 51% other vegetables, 36% starchy vegetables, 7% legumes, 3% dark green, and 3% orange veggies.
For those ages 2-18, what are the top two categories of veggies eaten? legumes/dark green/starchy/orange/other	other; starchy
what foods account for 60% of starchy vegetables eaten by ages 2-18?	french fries and potato chips
what foods account for 33% of other vegetables eaten by ages 2-18? (found on pizza and pasta)	tomato sauce
of the fruit intake for ages 2-18, is more fruit intake from juice or whole fruits?	juice
fruit juice accounts for more/less of fruit intake in ages 2-18	more
fruit should come from _____ rather than from fruit juice	whole fruit
fruit juice compared to whole fruit: more/fewer calories more concentrated/diluted source of sugar more/less filling more/less fiber	more; concentrated; less; less
fruit juice contains about double/triple/quadruple the number of calories	double
fruit juice is a more concentrated source of sugar, and elevates blood sugar more quickly/slowly	quickly
liquids are more/less filling than whole foods	less
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provide _____-based advice for making food choices that promote good health, healthy weight, and prevent disease	evidence
DGA	Dietary Guidelines for Americans
DGA advice is based on	evidence
the DGA provides advice on making good ____ choices that promote good ____, healthy _____ and prevent ______	food; health; weight; disease
federal dietary guidance for public is supposed to be consistent with (ex school lunches)	Dietary Guidelines
by law dietary guidelines are updated if necessary and published every ___ years	5
reduce sodium intake to less than _____ mg/day, but down to _____ for adults over age 50 and african amis age 2+ and people with high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease or diabetes	2300; 1500
___ out of 10 amis age 2+ eat too much sodium	9
which is highest source of sodium in diet? breads and rolls, cheese, snacks (pretzels chips popcorn)	breads and rolls
choosemyplate.gov says your plate should be ____ full of fruits and veggies and meats should be ____	half; lean
diet high in sodium can lead to ____ ____ or ____	heart disease; stroke
choosemyplate: ___ full of fruits and veggies	half
choosemyplate: make at least ____ of grains whole	half
choosemyplate: ___ or ____% milk	skim; 1
choosemyplate: ____ sources of protein (beans legumes, limit meats)	varied
choosemyplate: cut back on sodium and empty calories from ____ fats and added ____	solid; sugars
INTAKE STANDARDS: foods-- More Matters, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, MyPlate nutrients--	Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
DRIs (____ ____ ____) are the government's intake standards for ___	Dietary Reference Intakes; nutrients
original RDAs provided a single set of values whereas ___s provide 4 types of reference values so standards are available and more specific	DRI
FOUR TYPES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRIs) EARs= RDAs= AIs= ULs=	Estimated Average Requirements; Recommended Dietary Allowance; Adequate Intakes; Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
which DRI reference value type shows the intake of a nutrient that meets the estimated needs of 50% of people in a specific life stage and gender group	ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENT (EAR)
which DRI reference value type shows the intake of a nutrient that meets the needs of ALMOST ALL healthy people in a specific life stage and gender group	RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (RDA)
How ___s are established: take estimated average requirement (ear) add a margin of safety to meet needs of 97-98% of healthy people	RDA
Which DRI reference value type shows intake that is intended to be used as a goal when there is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE to set and RDA	ADEQUATE INTAKE (AI)
Example of life stage group that requires an Adequate Intake (ai)	infants
Which DRI reference value type shows maximum daily intakes that are unlikely to cause adverse health effects	TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVEL (UL)
only 35% college students look at the ___ ___s on foods	nutrition labels
nutrient content claims, health claims, and structure/function claims can all be made on food labels	true
nutrient content claims/health claims/structurefunction claims describe level of nutrient or dietary substance in product with terms like free, high, low compare level of a nutrient in a food to that in the regular or reference product	nutrient content claims
sugar free nutrient content claim just have less than ___g per serving	.5
low fat nutrient content claim must have __g or less	3
reduced fat nutrient content claim contains __% less fat than reference product	25
nutrient content claims/health claims/structurefunction claims describe a relationship btwn a food or a food component and reducing risk of disease or health related condit must be reviewed and authorized by FDA	health claims
example of health claim is that on a box of	cheerios
approved health claims: saturated fat and cholesterol for __ ___ calcium for _____ folic acid for ___ defects fruits and vegetables for ____	heart disease; osteoperosis; birth; cancer
health claims from most to least supported:	Nutrient Health Claim; Health Claim (Qualified Health Claim); structure/function claims
which type of health claim is most wordy and least supported	qualified health claim
three day food record shows Stephanie gets 75% of RDA for vitamin C intake. Can we conclude vitamin c deficient?	no. RDAs include margin of safety. her requirement may be lower than 75% of RDA. This was only a 3 day period.
"lower your cholesterol 4% in 6 weeks" is marketing language only permissible for FDA approved _______	drugs
personal testimonials are a form of disease and are/are not allowed FDA	are not
nutrient content claims/health claims/Structurefunction claims describe role of a food or food component in maintaining healthy functions of the body are not reviewed or approved by FDA	structure/function claims
what type of content claim is not approved by FDA	structure/function claim
example of structure/function claim dealing with calcium	calcium builds strong bones
two products that had bogus structure/function claims	crystal light (immunity) and vitamin water (promote healthy joints, support optimal immune system, reduce eye disease risk)
serving size on the nutrition facts panel is a recommended/typical portion size	typical
portion sizes have increased/decreased in the past 30 years	increased
people think they are getting fewer calories or nutrients than they really are if they don't look at the	serving size
Does the % DV apply to everyone's diet?	no
% dv is based on _____ cal diet	2000
Nutrient intake reference value used to calculate the ___ ___ ___	percent daily value
there is no daily value for	sugar
added sugar is GRAS ( )	generally recognized as safe
reasons why FDA didn't create a _ _ for sugar: could be confused with desired intake level healthy food can contain naturally occurring sugar	DV
in 1990s when they decided there was no DV for sugar, they didn't know as much as we know now of the affects of a high _____ diet	sugar
on nutritional panel there is/is not a separation of naturally occurring and added sugars	is not
there are 20g sugar in chobani yogurt, which comes from naturally occurring lactose in milk, blueberries, and sugar cane juice. How much of the 20g is from sugar cane juice?	don't know
20 g sugar in chobani comes from naturally occurring lactose in milk, blueberries, and sugar cane juice. ______ is the only added sugar but we don't know how much of the 20g it accounts for.	sugar cane juice
1 tsp = __ g sugar	4
nutrition labels need energy star-like _____	ratings
front-of-the-package labeling is a ___ star rating system	three
front-of-the-package labeling gives products one star for each: low in _____ low in ______ sugars low in unhealthy fats such as saturated and ___ fats	sodium; added; trans
if a product doesn't have any front-of-the-package stars, that means it is a ____ food choice	poor
Facts Up Front is a front-of-the-package labeling plan made by _____ Manufacturers Association	Grocery
is Facts Up Front labeling mandatory or voluntary?	voluntary
FActs Up Front includes... _____ _________ fat sodium and sugars per serving and the % DV for ______ _____ and ______	calories; saturated; saturated fat and sodium
The sugars on the Facts Up Front labels are different from the FDA front-of-the-package system in that they do/do not include both natural and added sugars	do
Facts up front: must include calories, saturated fat and DV, sodium and DV, and total sugars per serving. They can also include up to ____ nutrients to highlight	two
Facts up front is misleading because it can make a product look _______ than it really is when it has fortified vitamins and minerals advertised to take attention away from fats or sugar content	healthier
Facts up front simply __________ the information already on the nutrition facts panel without providing direct guidance about making healthier choices because it doesn't rate or evaluate the product	repeats
nuval rates products 1-___	100
nuval works on an algorithm developed by _____ university scientists	yale
nuval compares the amount of _____ nutrients to _____ ones	good; bad
nuval can't be validated exactly because they won't disclose their ______	algorithm
nuval divides the ___ nutrients by the bad ones	good
nuval is not generalizable and it works best when comparing foods within a ______	category
nutrients are chemical substances in foods that provide _____ and structure and help regulate body processes	energy
nutrients are chemical substances in foods that provide energy and ________ and help regulate body processes	structure
nutrients are chemical substances in foods that provide energy and structure and help ______ body processes	regulate
_________ are chemical substances in foods that provide energy and structure and help regulate body processes	nutrients
essential nutrients are nutrients that must be provided int he diet because either the body cannot ______ them or they can't be made in sufficient quantities to meet its needs	make
essential nutrients are ones which must be provided by the diet because either the body can't make them or they can't be made in ______ quantities to meet its needs	sufficient
_________ nutrients are nutrients that must be provided by the diet because the body can't make them or can't make them in sufficient quantities to meet needs	essential
water is/isn't a nutrient	is
digestion: the ______ and mechanical breaking down of food into components small enough to be absorbed into the body	chemical
digestion: the chemical and _______ breaking down of food into components small enough to be absorbed into the body	mechanical
_______: the chemical and mechanical breaking down of food components small enough to be absorbed into the body	digestion
what nutrient regulates body temp, provides a medium in which digestive chemicals can do work, helps absorb nutrient, and acts as a lubricant and transport fluid	water
absorption: substances move across cells lining the _______ and into the blood or lymph	intestine
________: substances move across cells lining the intestine and into the blood or lymph	absorption
digestive activity begins before/after food enters your mouth	before
stomach secretions are triggered by the ______, smell or taste of food	thought
stomach secretions are triggered by the thought, _____ or taste of food	smell
stomach secretions are triggered by the thought, smell or ______ of food	taste
stomach ________ are triggered by the thought smell or taste of food	secretions
three digestive tract secretions that aid in digestion: mucus, enzymes and ________	hormones
three digestive tract secretions that aid in digestion: hormones, enzymes and _______	mucus
three digestive tract secretions that aid in digestion: hormones, mucus and _____	enzymes
_____: provides moisture, lubrication and protection and is a digestive tract secretion that aids in digestion	mucus
mucus: provides moisture, lubrication and _______ and is a digestive tract secretion that aids in digestion	protection
mucus: provides moisture protection and _______ and is a digestive tract secretion that aids in digestion	lubrication
mucus: provides protection, lubrication, and _______ and is a digestive tract secretion that aids in digestion	moisture
______: protein molecules that facilitate the chemical breakdown of food and is a digestive tract secretion that aids in digestion	enzymes
________: prepare different parts of the digestive tract for the arrival of food and is a digestive tract secretion that aids in digestion	hormones
_____ of three children are overweight or obese	one
______ of three adults are overweight or obese	two
more than ____-third of all adults are currently obese	one
more than one third of all adults are currently	obese
the ________ propels food into the stomach	esophagus
________ and gravity propel food through the GI tract	perstalisis
__________: coordinated muscle contractions that move food through the entire length of the GI tract	perstalisis
____________: contractions of the muscular walls of the GI tract	perstalisis
solid food swallowed passes through the esophagus in only ___-___ seconds	4-8
the ____ at the lower end of the esophagus relaxes and opens to allow food to pass into the stomach	sphincter
there is/are _______ sphincter(s) in the GI tract	two
the sphincter at the lower end of the esophagus relaxes and opens to allow food to pass into the _____	stomach

Created by: yeeworb

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