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Ancient - Sparta
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the geographical setting of Sparta? | In the Peloponnese ("Pelop's island), separated from the mainland by Isthmus of Corinth. It was located at the head of the fertile Laconian valely. Its to the west of the Eurotas River, To the east of the pavnen ranges and west of the Taygetes river. |
| What were the two main areas of the Peloponnese? | Two main areas are Laconia (aka. Lacedaemon) and Messenia. |
| What were the main economic activity in Sparta? | Agriculture; barley, wheat, olives, figs, vinyards, and sheep provided meat, cheese, milk, skins, wool. Mining; iron, tin, copper, bronze. |
| Describe the political system of Sparta? | Mixed Constitution; monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy. |
| Sources on Sparta ; describe problems and name names; | W.G Forrest "The people of other cities knew very little abouty the Spartans, and what they did know was not necessarily accurate. Plutarch, mian ancient souce, lived 600 years after the fall of sparta. |
| Describe the ideal Greek Polis: | 1. Large enough to be self sufficient. 2. Not large enough to govern iteself 3. Small enough that the citizens know each other by sight |
| What did the average Polis include: | 1. Fortified Acropolis 2. Walled town/city around the acropolis. |
| Describe the set up of Sparta; | 1. Composed of four (later 5) villages; the last being Amyklae. 2. No defined centre for religion, economic, political activities. 3. THere was a market and council meeting place at the acropolis. 4. A Spartan polis did not have walls around them. |
| Discuss the Spartan political and Social development; | 1. The Dorians invaded the Peloponnese around 800 BC. 2. There were two main families within the Dorian tribe; the Agiads and the Eurypontids. 3. A compromise was reached; a leader from both tribes would form a duel kingship. |
| Why did the Spartans begin to conquer surrounding lands in 740 BC? | A growing population demanded more land for food. Messenia was captured, its population being reduced to the status of Helots. |
| Discuss the status of the Helots; | 1. Pre-dorian inhabitants 2. Population of Captured lands 3. NO political or legal rights 4. Main duty was to supply Spartan masters with a fixed amount of produce |
| Why were the Helots a constant thread to the Spartans? | Because they outnumbered the Spartiates 20 to 1, they were constantly suppressed and rebellious |
| Lycurgus and his connection to the Great Rhetra | Lycurgus caused a complete overhaul of the Spartan political and social system. Lycurgus went to Delphi and recieved an Oracle on how and what to change. |
| Describe the main features of the Great Rhetra | 1. Duel Kingship 2. Gerousia (Council of Elders) 3. Ekkelsia (Peoples assembly) 4. Ephorates (Five magistrates) |
| Name the three social classes defined by the 5th century; | 1. Spartiates (true citizens) 2. Inferiors 3. Helots 4. Perioikoi |
| Name the requirements to become a Spartan citizen? | 1. A male born to two Spartiate parents 2. Survival of the fitness test on Mt Taygetus 3. Over the age of 30 |
| Benefits/ features of Spartan citizenship? | 1. Holds political power 2. All equal under the law 3.Forbidden to engage in farming, trade and industry 4. Full time soldier status 5. The state supported by giving an allotment of land 6. Lived by a high code of honour (Courage, loyal, endure,obey) |
| Define "Homoioi" and the conditions to becoming one; | A homoioi was a Spartan citizen. To become; 1. PRove to the elders they are of Dorian descent 2. Be a member of a mess (Syssitia) 3. Submit to the agoge |
| Describe the Kleroi; (The land allocation) | Spartan were full time soldiers, so the state gave them land and helots to farm it. The land had to be able to; 1. Support the spartiate and his family 2. Provide the Homoioi's donation to his mess 3. Support the helots and their families. |
| What happened after the Spartiate, who was given the Kleroi, died? | The state owned Kleroi could not be sold or given away, so when the SPartian died, it either reverted back to the state, or was given to the eldest son. |
| According to Plutarch, why did Lycurgus install the Syssitia? | According to Plutarch, Lycurgus installed the messes to attack luxury and remove a passion for wealth. |
| Describe the Syssition; | They were public meals held in a large open space by the Hyacinthine, in tents or more permanent structures. Its purpose was to instill loyalty, camaraderie and controlled bad behavior, encouraged boys to emulate their elders |
| Requirements for the Syssitia? | 1. Essential for a youth of 20 to apply for a syssitia 2. Compulsory for all Spartiates to have their evening meal with their mess until the age of 60. 3. From the ages of 20-30 men had to sleep at night with their mess 4. Regular contributions of food |
| Advantages of Spartan Education; | 1. Produced obedient soldiers 2. produced good soldiers 3. produced pride and patriotism 4. renouncing individuality |
| Disadvantages of Spartan Education; | 1. No freedom 2. No free thinking 3. No cultural diversity 4. NO imaginative solutions to problems |
| Briefly describe the five stages of a Spartiates life; | *Birth to 6-with mother *7-12 - In Barracks *12-18 *18-24- Eiren class *25-30- fighting |
| Features of life from Birth to 6 years: | Examined by the elders (If strong, was kept. if weak, taken to mt taygetus) Trained; eat what they are given, no tantrums, not allowed to be afraid or anything |
| Features of life from 7 - 12 years: | on his 7th bday,was taken to a barracks with other boys his age. Enrolled in companies. Under the supervision of 'Poidonomos'. Trained in fighting,weapons, fitness, dancing. Never admit pain, defeat. Severly beaten.Many died.shaved heads,wore light tunics |
| Features of life from 12-18 years: | Once a year during this phase,they were tested; Festival or Artemis Orthia (run gauntlet to grab cheese while being whipped) |
| Features of life from 18-24 years: | Eiren class Participated in military service - not on front line Supervised the education of younger boys controlled helots by being part of the krypteia became a candidate for becoming apart of a mess could marry |
| Features of life from 25- 30 years: | Could fight on the front lines 100 were chosen to surround the king in battle |
| Features of life after the age of 30: | could become a full citizen could vote always ready for battle or helot uprising allowed to grow his hair long could leave the barracks to live at home with wife- still had to eat evening meals with his mess |
| Describe the Krypteia | From the ages of 18-30, men could be part of the Krypteia (Secret police) Chosen by the Ephors to keep helots in line Occasionally, sent to kill stay helots, steal their food Plutarch stated that they were "equipt with daggers and basic rations" |
| Define "Perioikoi" | Perioikoi, or "Dwellers around", were not Spartan Citizens but were controlled by the Spartans. They were Lacedaemons, but had lower status, had their own customs, and had a monopoly on trade in Sparta, due to military careers required for Spartiates. |
| List features of the Perioikoi: | *Had a monopoly on trade *Provided troops to Sparta in times of War *Lost their political rights when Sparta conquered Messenia and Laconia *representatives of each community had to attend/ pay respect to dead Spartan kings funerals |
| List features of the Perioikoi: | As they were not restricted by Spartan customs and austere lifestyle, not only did they hold a monopoly on trade, but lived lucrative lives (There is evidence of wealthy Perioikoi owning slaves) |
| Perioikoi military service: | Military service was a major obligation to the Spartans, but Spartans and Perioikoi did not serve together until after 465, after the Persian wars. Perioikoi communities were required to provide troops to Sparta during times of war. |
| Describe how the Spartans had control over the Perioikoi: | *Having judges/governors oversee issues between perioikoi and spartans *Ephors had to power to had out death sentencs without trial (*However, local and small issues were dealt with at a local lever) |
| Name the five types of inferiors; | Hypomeiones, Tresantes, Partheniai, Neodamodes,and Mothocles |
| Define "Hypomeiones" | Those who failed the agoge or who failed to maintain their contribution to their mess |
| Define "Tresante" | Those who lost citizenship by showing cowardice in battle |
| Define "Partheniai" | Illegitimate children of Helot mothers and Spartiate fathers |
| Define "Neodamodes" | Helots who had become freed men through service |
| Define "Mothocles" | Sons of Helots who have been taken into Spartan households as playmates for Spartiate boys and who share in the training in the agoge |
| Discuss the education of Spartan girls; | Educated at home by their mothers until marriage (around 18) Forbidden to weave or spin thread, this was for helots Very physical; healthy, fit woman produced healthy and fit children. |
| Describe the physical education of Spartan girls; | Included: wrestling, javelin, discus, running and athletics- sometimes with the agoge boys. While training, were allowed to compete in the 'gymnopadedia' with the boys |
| What was the "biblas"? | A strenuous dance that involved jumping and touching the buttocks with the heels |
| Describe the clothing worn by SPartan women | They wore the Peplos; a short dress fastened at the shoulder Were forbidden from wearing makeup, perfume and jewellery. Seen as natural, athletic and independent |
| Describe the attitude of the Spartan women | Strong, independant Ridiculed boys who were skinny, underdeveloped, disowned men disgraced in war, seen as equal in Spartan society |
| Marriage Customs for women | Spartan women married later than in other states Could divorce their husband whenever |
| Describe the practice of "Bride Capture" | Another woman would take the bride and shave her hair. SHe was then dressed in a mans cloak and sandals and left alone in the dark on a mattress. The groom would come, spend time with her, then return to his mess. |
| Discuss the practice of "Wife Sharing" | Emphasis on bearing the fittest child meant that older husbands allowed their wives to be impregnated by younger, or he requested another mans wife carry his son. |
| Land Ownership and Inheritance | Kleroi could he inherited within families and, if there was no son to inherit, daughter could inherit. Women did not lose control of inherited land after marriage(a woman could tend her land and her husbands). |
| Spartan Government; Discuss the structure of Spartan government | It was a mixed constitution; Monarchy - 2 kings Oligarchy - Gerousia Democracy - Ephors Democracy - Ekklesia (Women had no political power at all) |
| Discuss the powers and responsibilities of the Kings; | One king was chosen from each of the two ruling groups, the Agiads and the Eurypontids. To succeed their father as king, a son had to be born after their father became king Only one king went to battle at a time, the other left to rule |
| Discuss the powers and responsibilities of the Gerousia | The council of elders, 28 members, over the age of 60, no longer liable for military service, held their position for life, elected by the Ekklesia,functioned as a criminal court, prepared proposals for the ekklesia, could overturn the Ekkelsia's vote |
| Discuss the powers and responsibilities of the Ephors | Served for one year, only once in their lives Had to be over 30 Gave permission for foreign ambassadors to cross their border Responsible for upholding laws Called out the army in times of war Could direct generals Had power over other magistrates |
| More powers the Ephors had | Controlled the kypteia and state finances Responsible for education of young spartans Could give fines Joined the gerousia for criminal trials Could declare war on helots Had power over everyone, including kings |
| Discuss the powers and responsibilities of the Ekklesia | aka, the Peoples assembly Not able to amend or discuss bill Used to give the illusion of democracy Only open to Spartan citizens Elected ephors & gerousia Voted on proposals Appointed generals Met outside the city under a large canopy |
| List the Honours given to the Kings | Given skins of sacrificed animals Received a share of war plunder Served first in the mess Given seats of honor at festivals Support by the state but were rich On their death, special ceremonies were held |
| Cultural Life : When is considered the artistic 'Golden Age' of Sparta? | 650-550 BC |
| Name four major aspects of artistic expression during this time | Sculpture, Painted pottery, Carvings, Architecture |
| Name 3 major shrines within Sparta | The Amyklaion, The Menelaion, and the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia |
| Discuss the Amyklaion | A shrine dedicated to Apollo and Hyakinthos, not a temple but a throne for Apollo Designed by Bathykles in the Ionic style (Sparta spent much money and resources on this, indicating the piety in which they held this god) |
| Discuss the Menelaion | A shrine to Helen of Trop (originally Helen of Sparta) and Menelaus Overlooks the Taygetus moutains and Eurotas Valley Square, step-pyramid structure |
| Discuss the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia | Situated close to the Eurotas River Had a temple close to an alter 14km away Was the site of the cheese-grabbing Festival of Artemis Orthia |
| Trade and Technology | Herodotus claims that Laconian wool and flax were highly regarded by other states, as well as their pottery and bronze work. |
| List items traded by Spartans | Horses, castorian hounds, wool, flax, pottery, and murex molluscs ( used to dye clothing) |
| Describe the Spartan currency | It consisted of Iron Splits ( a pile of iron rods). According to Plutarch and Xenophon, Lycurgus stopped the use of silver and gold coinage. However, Perioikoi and Helots were not forbidden from keeping the gold and silver, and personal wealth grew |
| List the weaponry and armour used by the Hoplite soldier. | Aspida/Shield - metal, wood - featured Greek letter 'A' (Iambda) for Lacedaemon Dory/Pike - wood, iron Corinthian style helmet - bronze Kopis- stabbing sword - bronze or iron Cuirass- leather, metal, linen body armour Bronze Greaves Red wool cloak |
Created by:
ewearne