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B234 Piaget

QuestionAnswer
piaget theorized cognitive development
key terms for cognitive development schema, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration
schema describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing
a schema includes both a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge
with schemas, as new experiences happen, this new info is used to... modify, add to, or change previously existing schemas (dog example)
assimilation is the process of taking in new information into our previously existing schemas
assimilation is somewhat...because we tend to... subjective...modify experience or info to fit in with our preexisting beliefs
example of assimilation seeing a dog and labeling it dog
another part of...involves... adaptation...changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new info which is accommodation
accommodation involves...as a result of... altering existing schemas/ideas....new info or experiences
during the accommodation process, new... schemas may also develop
piaget believed that all children try to...which is... strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation ....equilibration
as children progress through the stages of...it is important to maintain.... cognitive development....a balance between applying previous knowledge (assimilation) and changing behavior to account for new knowledge (accommodation)
equilibration helps explain how children are able to move from one stage of thought to the next
piaget's stages sensorimotor, preocupational stage, concrete operations, formal operational stage
sensorimotor stage is ages...and includes... 0-2....object permanence, reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of reactions, tertiary circular reactions, early representational thought
sensorimotor stage is centered on the infant trying to make sense of the world
during the sensorimotor stage and infants knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities
in the sensorimotor stage, behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli
in the sensorimotor stage, children utilize...to... skills and abilities they were born with...learn more about the environment
skills/abilities children are born with include looking, sucking, grasping, listening
according to piaget, the development of..is one of the... object permanence...most important accomplishments at the sensorimotor stage
object permanence is a child's understanding that objects continue to exist even though they cannot be seen or heard
an important portion of object permanence is peek a boo
reflexes occur between 0-1 month
during the reflex substage of sensorimotor, the child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking
primary circular reactions happens between 1-4 months
primary circular reactions involves coordinating sensation and new schemas
example of primary circular reactions such his or her thumb on accident and then do it intentionally because its pleasurable
secondary circular reactions happens between 4-8 months
secondary circular reactions is when the child becomes...and begins to.... focused on the world...intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment
example of secondary circular reactions purposefully picking up a toy and putting it in his or her mouth
coordination of reactions happens between 8-12 months
coordination of reactions is when the child starts to show clearly intentional actions
children in the coordination of reactions substage may also...in order to... combine schemas...achieve a desired effect
in the coordination of reactions stages, children begin....and will often... exploring the environment around them...imitate the observed behavior of others
also beginning during the coordination of reactions stage is the understanding of.....and children being to recognize.... objects...certain objects as having specific qualities
example of coordination of reactions realizing that a rattle will make a sound when shaken
tertiary circular reactions happens between 12-18 months
tertiary circular reactions is when children begin a period of trial and error experimentation
example of tertiary circular reactions is a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver
early representational thought happens between 18-24 months
early representational thought is when children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world
during early rep. thought, children being to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions
preoperational stage happens between ages 2-7
one of the hallmarks of the preop stage is language development
piaget noted that children in the preop stage do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate info and are unable to take the point of view of other people
taking the point of view of another person is called egocentrism
during the preop stage, children also become increasingly....as evidenced by the... adept at using symbols....increase in playing and pretending
example of preop is when a child is able to use an object to represent something else (broom = horse)
...also becomes important during the preop stage role playing
preop consists of egocentrism, conservation
piaget used a number of....to study the... creative and clever techniques...mental abilities of children
one of the famous techniques to demonstrate egocentrism involved using a... 3d display of a mountain scene (three mountain task)
with the three mountain task, children are asked to.... choose a pic that showed the scene they had observed and most children do with little difficulty
next in the mountain scene, children are asked to select a pic showing what someone else would have observed when looking at the mountain from a different viewpoint
invariably, children almost always....when asked the second three mountain question choose the scene showing their own view of the mountains
according to piaget, children experience this difficulty in seeing others' viewpoints because they are unable to take on another person's perspective (egocentrism)
another well known experiment involves demonstrating a child's understanding of conservation
in one conservation experiment,...and then... equal amounts of liquid are poured into two identical containers...the liquid in one container is poured into a diff shaped cup (tall/thin or short/fat)
in the conservation experiment, children are asked which...and despite... cup holds the most liquid....seeing that the liquid amounts were equal, children almost always schoose the cup that appears fuller
piaget conducted a number of...on... similar experiments on conservation...number, length, mass, weight, volume and quantity
piaget found that few children showed any understanding of conservation prior to the age of five
the concepts of egocentrism and conservation are both centered on....they lack the... abilities that children have not yet developed....understanding that things look diff to other people and that ojbects can change in appearance while still remaining the same properties
researcher...disagrees with piaget and argues that the reason that children failed the three mountains task was simply because.... martin hughes....did not understand it
characteristics of concrete operations happens between ages 7-11
during the concrete operations stage, children gain a better understanding of mental operations
during concrete operations, children being to..but have difficulty... think logically about concrete events....understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts
characteristics of concrete operations includes logic, reversibility, concrete operational stage
piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the use of inductive logic
inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle
on the other hand, children in the concrete op stage have difficulty using deductive logic
deductive logic involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event
one of the most imp developments in the concrete op stage is an understanding of...or... reversibility...awareness that actions can be reversed
an ex of reversibility is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories (his dog is a lab, a lab is a dog, and that dog is an animal)
compared with preoperational children, who can focus on....concrete operational children can... only one dimension of a problem at a time...engage in decentration
decentration means that they can focus on multiple parts of a problem at once
decentration has implications for conservation and other intellectual undertakings
the concrete op period in piaget's theory represents a transition between the. preoperational stage and formal operational stages
the concrete operational stage is now a....who is aware that.... sociocentric....others have their own perspectives on the world and that those perspectives are different from the childs own
characteristics of the formal operational stage happens at age 12 and above
formal op stage consists of logic, abstract thought, problem solving, observations
during the formal op stage , people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts
skills such as...also emerge during the formal op stage logical thought, deductive reasoning, systematic planning
piaget believed that....becomes imp during the formal op stage deductive logic
deductive logic requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a specific outcome
this type of deductive logical thinking involves...and is often... hypothetical situations...required in science and math
while children tend to think very...the ability to think... concretely and specifically in earlier stages....about abstract concepts emerges during the formal op stage
instead of...children begin to...in the formal op stage relying solely on previous experiences...consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions
abstract thinking is important in long term planning
in earlier stages, children use...but during the formal op stage, the ability to... trial and error to solve probs...systematically solve a prob in a logical/methodical way
children at the formal op stage of cog development are often able to quickly plan an organized approach to solve a prob
the formal op thinker has the ability to ...before... consider many diff soltuions to a prob...actin
formal op thinking increases efficiency
Created by: haileycampbell
 

 



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