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Water pollution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is pollution | Any additive that hurts water quality: sources can be chemical ,physical change, or biological |
| What is point source pollution? | Pollution that can be seen directly ex: factories, mines, sewage |
| What is effluent? | Pollutants flowing directly from pipes |
| What is primary treatment? | Filtering grit & trash removal |
| What is a secondary treatment? | (activated sludge)- bacteria break down organics |
| What is final disinfections? | Chlorine treatment |
| What is non-point source pollution? | Pollution that is caused by runoff ex:agricultural, fertilizers & pesticides, animal wastes, city runoff, new construction, local dwellings , factories. |
| What is three main types of agricultural pollution? | Sediment, Fertilizers & Pesticides, Nitrates & phosphates, and animal wastes |
| What is sediment pollution? | caused by plowing and bad farming practices * helped by no till farming** ** this is the #1 threat to our streams and rivers |
| What is entrophication? | Water enrichment |
| What are pesticides? | Denatures proteins, concentrates in animal tissues, doesn't beak down, runoff wastes come from pastures, holding ponds, ** alternating water sources may be helpful |
| What is cultural non-point pollution? | Runoff pollution from cities and dwelling; every person pollutes everyday, NEW CONSTRUCTION, RESIDENTIAL POLLUTION, AND FACTORIES & NON-POIINT POLL . |
| What is temperature? | Average kinetic energy of particles: effects of temperature- dissolved temperature, fish metabolism, photosynthesis rates, and BOD |
| What is pH? | Measure of concentration of hydrogen & hydroxide ions : effects of pH-limits species, and makes some chemicals more toxic ** can be a sign for several types of pollutants |
| What is alkalinity? | Measure of the substances in water that acts as buffers; good for aquatic life , good alkalinity resists dramatic changes in pH; certain rock beds (limestone ) produce good alkalinity in water |
| What is dissolved oxygen? | The amount of dissolved oxygen gas in water **major indicator of poor water quality. what effects DO? - water temperature living organisms, agitation, BOD |
| What is biochemical oxygen demand? | Measure of the quantity of oxygen consumed by microorganisms; bacteria consume oxygen when they break down organics rd1q |
| What is water polluted by? | Infectious bacteria, inorganic/ organic chemicals,and excess heat |
| How many people die from waterborne diseases? | 3.4 million people |
| In the US how many people become ill from infections? | about 1.5 million become ill from infectious agents |
| What is bacterial source tracking (BST)? | uses molecular biology techniques to determine subtle differences in strains of E. coli based on their animal host |
| What is biological oxygen demand (BOD)? | the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by aquatic decomposers |
| What does chemical analysis consist of? | checking inorganic/ organic chemicals present, sediment content, and turbidity of water |
| What are indicator species? | Living organisms that are monitored to determine levels of pollution |
| What are nitrates? | Crucial nutrient in aquatic environments for the production of amino acids and proteins; excess nitrates get into water as non-point source fertilizers. |
| What are total dissolved solids (TDS)? | This test measure the many solids found dissolved in water, usually in the form of sodium, magnesium, calcium, etc. Examples of dissolved solids= road salt, sewage treatment effluent , & clear-cut logging |
| What is turbidity or total suspended solids (TSS)? | This measures how light is scattered in the eater column due to solids that no not dissolve, but are small enough to be suspended into the water. Turbidity interferes with the process of photosynthesis... |
| What is the basic sequence in the formation of dead zones? | Eutrophication, Leading to phytoplankton blooms, excess bacterial activity at the bottom, oxygen depletion, and death of existing plants and animals |
| What are solutions to water pollution? | prevent groundwater contamination, greatly reduce nonpoint runoff, reuse treated wastewater for irrigation, find substitutes for toxic pollutants, work with nature to treat sewage, reuse, reduce, recycle |
| oceans | part of the world's oceans are used for dump sites, for a variety of toxic materials, sewage, and garbage from ships; sewage sludge is dumped into oceans also |
| What is the London Dumping convention of 1972? | stated that 100 countries agreed not to dump highly toxic pollutants and high-level radioactive wastes in the open sea. This became permanent in 1994. |
| What are prevention methods for groundwater pollution? | find substitutes for toxic chemicals, keep toxic chemicals out of the environment , install monitoring well near landfills and underground tanks, require leak detectors in underground tanks, ban hazardous waste disposal in landfill and injection wells, |
| How do you cleanup groundwater pollution? | Pump to surface, clean, and return to aquifer(very expensive), inject microorganisms to clean up contamination (less expensive but still costly), pump nano-particles of inorganic compounds to remove pollutants( this is the cheapest, easiest,and most effe |
| What is the clean zone? | Normal clean water organisms reside here: trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly |
| What is the decomposition zone? | This is where trash fish: carp, gar, and leeches reside |
| What is the septic zone? | This is the zone where the least number of fish reside. Fungi, sludge worms, and anaerobic bacteria is located here. This area has the lowest amount of dissolved oxygen |
| What is the recovery zone? | |
| What re the major categories of water pollutants? | infectious agents, oxygen-demanding wastes, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, plant nutrients, sediment, radioactive materials, heat (thermal pollution) |
| What are infectious agents? | examples include: bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and parasitic worms : major human sources come from animal and human wastes : harmful effects include disease |
| What are oxygen-demaning wastes? | examples include: organic waste like animal manure and plant debris than can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria. major human sources include sewage and feedlots. harmful effects include the depletion of D.O. kill fish |
| What are inorganic chemicals? | examples include: water-soluable acids, toxic metals (salts, fluorides, Pb). major sources: surface runoff, industrial effluents, and household cleaners. harmful effects include:water unusable drinking for drinking or irrigation, cancer, nervous system da |
| What are organic chemicals? | oil, gas. plastics. pesticides, solvents, detergents. major human sources include: industrial effluents, household cleaners, runoff from farms and yields. effects=same as inorganic chemicals |
| What are plant nutrients? | examples include: water-soluable nitrates, phosphates, and ammonium ions. major human sources include: sewage and runoff of agricultural and urban fertilizers. harmful effects include: increase algae which leads to decrease D.O. with decomposition, |
| What is another harmful effect of plant nutrients? | Blue baby syndrome is also another harmful effect |
| What is sediment? | examples include: soil & silt. major human sources include: land erosion. harmful effects include: cloud water reduce photosynthesis, carry pesticides and other substances into water. clog and fill lakes, artificial reservoirs, stream channels and harbors |
| What also pertains to sediments? | Largest water pollution by mass |
| What are radioactive materials? | examples: radioisotopes of iodine, radon, uranium, cesium, and thorium. major human sources include: nuclear and coal-buring power plants, mining processing of uranium and other ores, weapons and natural resources. harmful effects: genetic mutations, |
| What are additional harmful effects of radioactive materials? | miscarriages, birth defects. and cancer. |
| What is thermal pollution? | examples: excess heat. major human sources: water cooling of electric power plants and some types of industrial plants. harmful effects: lowers D.O. power plants can cause THERMAL SHOCK. |
| What are the leading sources of water pollution? | agriculture, mining, and industries |
| When can a stream recover from pollution? | if the flows are not reduced; combinations of dilution and biodegradable |
| What creates an excess sag curve? | the breakdown of pollutants by bacteria, organisms with high oxygen demands cannot survive in the sag curve |
| What can affect the sag curve? | volume of the stream, volume of wasters entering, flow rate, temperature, and pH levels |
| What do experts say about groundwater pollution? | it is a low risk ecological problem but a high- risk health problem |
| What is significant about the waters in groundwater pollution? | contaminants in ground water are not diluted or dispersed |
| Within groundwater pollution what causes cleansing to be slow? | lower oxygen content, colder temperature of the water, and smaller populations of decomposing bacteria |
| How many people live within the range of water? | About 40% of the population lives on or within 62 miles of the coast and this puts burdens on wetlands, estuaries, coral reefs, and mangrove swamps along the coast |
| What has been found in coastal water? | Human viruses |
| What happens when coastal waters become too enriched? | These enrichments come from nitrates and phosphate runoffs that cause the overgrowth of algae that kill fish and other organisms |
| How many rivers in the world are polluted? | Half of the world's 500 major rivers are polluted |
| What can influence pollution? | Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, little economic development, and a large population interaction |
| What is the composition of freshwater lakes? | Lakes and reservoirs are often stratified into layers with little vertical mixing with very little flow occurring .Lakes are more vulnerable to runoff contamination |
| What is natural eutrophication? | enriching the abundance of desirable organisms |
| With freshwater lakes, what increases batter, and decreases dissolved oxygen? | Reduced sunlight and the decomposition of the "blooms" increase populations of bacteria and decreases dissolved oxygen available. This kills fish and anaerobic bacteria take over. |
| What is the estimation of freshwater lakes with pollution? | about one third of large lakes and 85% of lakes near populations are polluted |
| Where can cultural eutrophication occur? | coastal water, enclosed estuaries, and bays because of runoff |
| How can cultural eutrophication be reduced? | preventing/banning /limiting phosphates in detergents and by using advanced treatment methods to remove nitrates and phosphates from wastewater, and by use of soil conservation to reduce runoff |
| What is the cheapest way to cleanup lakes? | removing excess weeds, controlling plant growth, and pumping air through lakes and reservoirs to avoid oxygen depletion |
| what is an example of lake recovery? | Lake Washington, in Seattle, Washington |
| How much water fresh water is contained by great lakes? | 95% of the great lakes contain fresh surface water |
| Why are the great lakes vulnerable to pollution? | they have less than 1% outflow to the St. Larrence River |
| OF the great lakes which one is the most polluted? | lake erie, the shallowest of the all as well because of the high population of people and indistry |
| Where is the second largest dead zone located? | Mississippi River in the gulf of mexico |
| What causes dead zones? | Extensive non-point runoffs have caused seasonal, large oxygen depleted zones in temperate coastal waters |
| How can you reduce dead zones? | Reduce nitrogen inputs from various sources, planting forest and grasslands to soak up excess nitrogen, restore coastal wetlands, improve sewage treatments |
| What is the largest estuary? | Chesapeake bay |
| With the Chesapeake bay what percentages are from point/nonpoint sources? | Point" 60% account for phosphates: Non point: 60% account for the nitrates |
| What is the significance of placing oysters in the Chesapeake bay? | oysters filter alage and silt from water, and they would reduce pollution,older oysters would be more beneficial because they would be more resistant to disease |
| Is it legal to dump sludge into the ocean? | No since 1992 the US has banned dumping sludge into the ocean |
| What is the london dumping convention of 1972? | 100 countries agreed not to dump highly toxic pollutants and high-level radioactive wastes in the open sea, this became permanent in 1994 |
| Where does most ocean pollution come from? | human activities on land: dumping/changing motor oil: runoff |
| What are examples of day-to-day oil releases? | leaks from pipelines, tankers being washed out, loading and unloading tankers, |
| what can cause eutrophication? | The presence of nitrates and phosphates |
| Does recovery take longer in cold water or hot water? | It takes longer in cold water |
| What are the methods for preventing oil spills? | Physical:floating booms, absorbant devices- Chemical: coagulating agents for clumping oil- Biological: bacteria that is used degrade oil (this one is less expensive and more effect than the other methods ) |
| How can you prevent agricultural non-point pollution? | reducing soil erosion, reforestation of watersheds, reducing fertilizer *** agriculture is the leading cause of non-point pollution** |
| About how many homes are served by septic tanks? | about one fourth |
| What doesn't the primary sewage treatment process remove? | ** This is a physical process but doesn't remove phosphates, nitrates, salts, radioisotopes, or pesticides |
| WHat is removed with the primary sewage treatment method? | 60% suspended solids and 30-40% organic wastes |
| What are additional methods for disinfection? | ozonation and the use of ultra violet along with chlorine are methods for disinfection |
| What has to happen to water for it to be regulated by the government? | it has to be settled, filtered, and chlorinated |
| What are inexpensive methods/ways to purify water? | exposing contaminated water to intense sunlight in a clear plastic bottle |
Created by:
Netta16