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Psych Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When you make an educated guess about the explanation for your observations, you are: A) testing the hypothesis B) perceiving the question C) forming a hypothesis D) drawing conclusions | C) forming a hypothesis |
| Mary Cover Jones's research with a _______ focused on counter-conditioning. A) young chimpanzee B) white rabbit C) salivating dog D) white rat | B) white rabbit |
| The term “blind observers” refers to people who : A) collect data only by listening B) are “blinded” by their own biases C) do not know what the research question is D) do not know what to observe | C) do not know what the research question is |
| Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans? | Studying long-term effects is much easier |
| Which professional has a doctorate degree and works with humans or animals in a variety of settings? | psychologist |
| Which of the following psychological professionals must always have a medical degree? | psychiatrist |
| ________ is known as the "father of psychology." | Willhem Wundt |
| Who was the first female president of the American Psychological Association? | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Which early perspective in psychology, associated with William James, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play? | functionalism |
| To test for the effect of age on a person’s behavior, researchers would use a | quasi-experimental design |
| According to Adler, humans’ driving force was not the pursuit of pleasure but the pursuit of | superiority |
| During the latency stage, children are in a state of | repression |
| According to Adler, ______ tend to be very competitive. | middle children |
| In examining the five-factor model (or the Big Five), Costa and McCrae believed that these traits are not ________. In other words, knowing someone's score on one trait would not give any information about scores on the other four traits. | interdependent |
| Freud would say that a man who bites his fingernails is | orally fixated |
| Freud based his theory of personality upon case studies of his patients. Most of his patients were | similar |
| Which type of assessment are psychoanalysts most likely to use? | Rorschach inkblot test |
| The first list of traits was compiled by | Gordon Allport |
| Carl Jung, unlike Freud, believed that _____ held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories | the personal unconscious |
| Jim is unconsciously attracted to Max but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals. Which defense mechanism is Jim exhibiting? | reaction formation |
| _________ focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning. | Behavioral neuroscience |
| Which brain structure serves as a relay station for sensory information? | Thalamus |
| The right hemisphere of the brain specializes in nonverbal processing, processing of the whole, and | music and artistic processing |
| If the pancreas secretes too little insulin, it results in | diabetes |
| One important advantage of an MRI over a CT scan is that the MRI | provides much more detail |
| Scientists have learned a great deal about the specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain by studying | split-brain patients |
| The spinal cord is divided into _____ areas. | two |
| Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together in "cables" called | nerves |
| Once a message has been received, a cell | floods the nucleus with sodium ions. |
| Low levels of serotonin activity have been linked to | depression |
| Study of people and what motivates their behavior | Psychology |
| Psychology is the scientific study of () and () () | behavior; mental processes |
| Behavior includes all of our () or () actions and reactions, such as (), () (), and () | outward; overt; talking; facial expressions; movements |
| The term mental processes refers to all the (), () activity of our minds, such as (), (), and () | internal; covert; thinking; feeling; remembering |
| Psychology's four goals | Description, explanation, prediction, and control |
| Involves observing a behavior and noting everything about it; what is happening, where it happens, to whom it happens, and under what circumstances it seems to happen | Description |
| a general EXPLANATION of a set of observations or facts | theory |
| The goal of description provides the (), and the goal of explanation helps to () the (). | observations; build; theory |
| Determining what will happen in the future is a | prediction |
| Purpose of the last of the four goals of psychology: | Changing or modifying behavior |
| The focus of (), or the modification of some behavior... | control |
| ...is to change a () from an () one to a () one | behavior; undesirable; desirable |
| Wundt believed that the mind was made up of (), (), and () | thoughts, experiences, and emotions |
| the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities | objective introspection |
| Expanded on Wundt's original ideas | Titchener |
| Titchener called his new viewpoint | structuralism |
| Titchener called his new viewpoint structuralism because the focus of the study was the | structure of the mind |
| His viewpoints opposed those of Wundt and Titchener | William James |
| Unlike Wundt and Titchener, James was more interested in the importance of consciousness to () () rather than just its () | everyday life; analysis |
| James focused on how the mind allows people to () in the real world | function |
| If physical traits (Charles Darwin) could aid in survival, why couldn’t () traits do the same? | behavioral |
| early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play | functionalism |
| becoming aware of something through the senses | perceiving |
| seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, or smelling something | sensing |
| Which early perspective would have been LEAST likely to agree with the structuralists? | Gestalt |
| () and others devoted their efforts to studying sensation and perception in this new perspective,() psychology | Wertheimer; Gestalt |
| German word for an organized whole or configuration | Gestalt |
| Gestalt psychology studied () () rather than () () of them | whole patterns; small pieces |
| Proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware mind) into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires | Sigmund Freud |
| Freud believed that () (), in trying to surface, created the () () in his patients | repressed urges; nervous disorders |
| Freud stressed the importance of () () () | early childhood experience |
| Freud believed that () was formed in the first () years of life | personality; six |
| Sigmund Freud created a theory of () | psychoanalysis |
| Psychoanalysis has been the basis for a process called () in which a trained psychological professional helps a person gain insight into and change his or her behavior | psychotherapy |
| () showed that a reflex (an involuntary reaction) could be caused to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus | Pavlov |
| Pavlov's dogs would salivate to the sound of the metronome before the food was presented-a learned reflexive response. This process was called | conditioning |
| Who is associated with behaviorism? | John B Watson |
| Watson wanted to bring psychology back to a focus on scientific inquiry, and the only way to do that was to ignore the issue of () and focus only on () () | consciousness; observable behavior |
| something that could be directly seen and measured | observable behavior |
| () formed the basis of Watson's new perspective which was () | Conditioning; behaviorism |
| Freud believed that all behavior stems from () (), whereas Watson believed that all () is () | unconscious motivation; behavior; learned |
| Freud had stated that a phobia is really a symptom of an underlying, () () and cannot be “cured” without years of () to uncover and understand the material | repressed conflict; psychoanalysis |
| Watson believed that phobias could be () through the process of conditioning. This was tested in an experiment called () () | learned; Little Albert |
| Watson wanted to prove that all behavior was a result of a ()-() relationship such as that described by Pavlov | stimulus-response |
| Which one of Watson’s graduate students repeated Watson’s study but added “cancelling out” the phobic reaction of the baby to the white rat | Mary Cover Jones |
| Mary Cover Jones conducted the experiment called () () with a () () | Little Peter; white rabbit |
| Mary Cover Jones proved the idea of () with the Little Peter experiment | counterconditioning |
| Who among the early African American psychologists eventually became president of two universities? | Dr. Robert Prentiss Daniel |
| modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations | Psychodynamic Perspective |
| Psychodynamic Perspective Still includes the () ()and its influence on conscious behavior and on () () () | unconscious mind; early childhood experience |
| Paychodynamic perspective has more emphasis on () and () relationships and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior | social; interpersonal |
| the study of the brain and nervous system | neurobiology |
| Who was involved with behavioral perspective? | BF Skinner |
| B. F. Skinner Not only continued research in classical conditioning, but also developed a theory called | operant conditioning |
| Operant conditioning explains how () () is learned | voluntary behavior |
| behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened, or | reinforced |
| Humanistic perspective was a () to both () and () | reaction; psychoanalysis and behaviorism |
| () perspective offered a view in contrast to the () focus on sexual development and ()'s focus on external forces in guiding personality development | Humanistic; psychoanalytic; behaviorism |
| a perspective that would allow them to focus on people’s ability to direct their own lives | humanistic |
| Humanists held the view that people have () (), the freedom to choose their own destiny and strive for () (), the achievement of one’s () () | free will; self-actualization; full potential |
| People involved in humanistic perspective | Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers |
| Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning Focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information | Cognitive perspective |
| the study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking | cognitive neuroscience |
| Cognitive neuroscientists use tools for imaging the structure and activity of the living brain such as | MRI |
| MRI stands for | magnetic resonance imaging |
| () perspective combines two areas of study | sociocultural |
| study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships | social psychology |
| the study of the cultural norms, values, and expectations | cultural psychology |
| contrasts and comparisons of a behavior or issue are studied in at least two or more cultures | cross-cultural research |
| Cross-cultural research can help illustrate the different influences of () (culture and training) when compared to the influence of () (genetics, or the influences of genes on behavior) | environment; heredity |
| the result of diffusion of responsibility, which is the tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for taking action when others are present | |
| Study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes; Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system | biopsychological perspective |
| Aka physiological psychology, biology psychology, psychobiology, and behavioral neuroscience | biopsychological perspective |
| the study of the physical structure, function, and development of the nervous system | neuroscience |
| () is a direct result of events in the body. | behavior |
| (), (), (), (), (), () are some of the biological causes of behavior and mental events. | Hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, and tumors, and diseases |
| Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share | evolutionary perspective |
| evolutionary perspective Seeks to explain general mental strategies and traits such as () and () | lying; attraction |
| Which of the following pairs represents the oldest of today's psychological perspectives? | behaviorism and psychodynamics |
| has no medical training but has a doctorate degree | psychologist |
| has a medical (MD or DO) degree and is a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment (including the prescription of medications) of psychological disorders | psychiatrist |
| steps of scientific method | perceiving the question, forming a hypothesis,testing the hypothesis, drawing conclusions, report your results |
| People’s tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world, a kind of selective perception | confirmation bias |
| questions that can be tested through direct observation or experience. (Ex: Has life ever existed on Mars?) Scientists answer through measurements, experimentationIt can be supported or disproved by gathering real evidence | empirical questions |
| in research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results | replicate |
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yquyenvu