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ED-D316 Chapter2
Communication and Identity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define Self-concept | the relatively stable set of perceptions individuals hold about themselves; not all aspects equally important |
| Summarize briefly when and how a person’s self-concept develops. | 1. genetically inherited personality traits influence our approach to communication. 2. |
| Define self-esteem | the part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth; high/low self-esteem affects communication |
| Define personality | Characteristic ways that you think and behave across a variety of situation |
| define reflected appraisal | a person's self-concept matches the way the person believes others regard him or her. |
| define significant others | a person whose opinion is important enough to affect one's self-concept strongly |
| define social comparison | evaluation of oneself in terms of or by comparison to others |
| explain how reflected appraisal develop | begins early in life and children learn to judge themselves by the messages they receive. cumulative impact when messages come from significant others |
| when significant others have strong impact. | during adolescence. |
| two types of social comparison | 1. superior or inferior - depend on whom we are comparing with. 2. similar or different - influenced by reference group |
| define reference groups | groups against which we compare ourselves, thereby influencing our self-concept and self-esteem. |
| define the characteristics of the self-concept | 1. the self-concept is subjective 2. the self-concept resists change |
| what's the impact of subjective on self-concept | it's not accurate; overly negative or positive beliefs may distort self-evaluation |
| where does distortions in self-concept result from? | obsolete information (past-future); distorted feedback; perfectionism; social expectations. |
| define cognitive conservatism | tendency to seek and attend to information that conforms to an existing self-concept |
| stages of problems caused by resist-changing self-concept | 1. cling to outmoded negative self-perceptions; 2. self-delusion and lack of growth 3. defensive |
| influences on identity | diversity, culture and gender |
| how does diversity influence identity in Canada | - Canada's self-concept is changing due to multiculturalism - Canada's national image needs to be revised to reflect our racial and ethnic diversity |
| how does culture influence identity | differences between individualistic and collectivistic culture can affect the level of comfort or anxiety that people feel when communicating |
| explain the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures | self belonging; take care; friends; reward; high value |
| how does gender influence identity | - from birth, gender shapes how others communicate with us - expectations and acceptable behaviors for males and females are different. |
| define self-fulfilling prophecy | a prediction or expectation of an event that makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case |
| what's the four stages of self-fulfilling prophecy | 1. holding an expectation (yourself or others) 2. behave in accordance with that expectation 3. the expectation coming to pass 4. reinforcing the original expectation |
| define self-imposed prophecy | occurs when your own expectations influence your behavior |
| what's the two types of self-fulfilling prophecy | self-imposed prophecy; other-imposed prophecy |
| influence of self-fulfilling prophecies | - positive/negative - cannot guarantee outcome |
| Changing your self-concept | have: realistic expectation, realistic perception of yourself, will to change, skill to change |
| define identity management | the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them |
| define perceived self | - the person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination. - It may be identical with or different from the presenting and ideal selves. |
| define presenting self | - the image a person presents to others. - it may be identical with or different from the perceived and ideal selves. |
| List characteristics of identity management | - construct multiple identities - process is collaborative - can be deliberate or unconscious - varies by situation - people differ in their degree of identity management |
| Why manage identities? | - to get others to do what we want - to help others save face - to experiment with new selves |
| How do we manage identities? | 1. face-to-face impression management 2. in mediated communication |
| three factors of face-to-face impression management | 1. manner - consists of a communicator's words and nonverbal actions 2. appearance - personal items people use to shape image 3. setting - physical items we use to influence how others view us |
| three facts of management in mediated communication | - message not influenced by the non-verbal - can edit messages to create desired impression - can deliver difficult message without forcing receiver to respond immediately |
| explain the relationship between identity management and honesty | some individuals may misrepresent themselves - we all have different selves. - competent communicators choose the self best suited to the situation |
| suggestions for making a positive impact on a manager | do job well; have strong work ethic; demonstrate emotional intelligence; appreciate manager's strength |
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