Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP bio ecology vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biology | the study of life |
| emergent properties | new properties that emerge during each level in biological organization |
| ecosystem dynamics | cycling of nutrients and flow of energy from sunlight to producers/consumers |
| genome | all inherited genetic instruction of an organism. approx. 3 billion nucleotides long |
| reductionism | reducing complex systems to simpler components to make them easier to study |
| biosphere | all environments on earth w/ life |
| ecosystem | living things in an area and the nonliving things that interact w/ living |
| community | entire populations that inhabit an ecosystem |
| population | individuals of a species living in an area |
| organism | individual living thing |
| organs/ organ systems | body parts consisting of 2 or more tissues. organ system is a group of organs organized into a group |
| tissues | integrated group of cells w/ common function and or structure |
| cells | life's basic unit of structure and function |
| organelles | various functional components that make up a cell |
| molecules | chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms |
| eukaryotic cell | cell of all organisms except archaea and bacteria. subdivided by internal membranes into enclosed organelles, largest of which is nucleus |
| prokaryotic cell | simpler cell of archaea and bacteria. no membrane enclosed organelles |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid. makes up genes. replicates and determines inherited structure of cell's proteins |
| negative feedback | most common regulation in biology. accumulation of end product of process slows that process. ex: cells break down sugar |
| positive feedback | end product speeds up production. ex: blood clotting |
| taxonomy | biology that classifies/names species |
| controlled experiment | experiment in which a control group is compared to an experimental group |
| natural selection | natural environment selects traits that survive and are reproduced |
| individual variation | individuals of a population vary in heritable traits |
| unequal reproductive success | individuals unequal in probability of survival/reproduction. the best suited to environment will produce more/healthier offspring |
| evolutionary adaptation | unequal reproductive success leads to adaptations to environment, heritable traits reproduced. population evolves |
| discovery science | uses observation/analysis to describe natural structures/processes |
| inductive reasoning | generalizations from large amounts of specific observation |
| hypothesis based science | uses hypotheses to make predictions that can be tested by observation/ experiments |
| deductive reasoning | logic where results are predicted from general premise |
| scientific theory | broad explanation that is supported by lots of evidence and generates new hypothesis |
| ecology | study of interaction between organisms and their environment |
| organismal ecology | study of how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meets challenges of the environment |
| population ecology | study of how many individuals of a species live in an area |
| community ecology | study of all interacting species in a community and how the interactions affect community structure |
| ecosystem ecology | the study of energy flow and chemical cycling among abiotic/biotic components of an ecosystem |
| landscape ecology | study of the components that control the exchange of energy, materials, and organisms in an ecosystem that makes up a landscape/seascape |
| environmentalism | study of environmental concerns. ecology needed to understand environmentalism |
| biota | all organisms part of an individual's environment |
| distribution | geographic range of an organism |
| biogeography | study of the distribution of individual species past and present. initially caused by continental drift |
| dispersal | movement of individuals away from highest population/ place of origin |
| potential range | where a species could potentially live if they could get there |
| actual range | actual area where a species occupies |
| oviposit | deposit eggs |
| macroclimate | climate on global, regional, local level |
| microclimate | fine climate (ex: climate under a log) |
| march equinox | equator faces sun directly, no pole tilt. everywhere gets 12 hrs day and night |
| September equinox | equator faces sun directly, no pole tilt. everywhere gets 12 hrs day and night |
| june solstice | northern hemisphere tilted towards sun. summer in north, winter in south |
| December solstice | northern hemisphere tilted away from sun. summer in south, winter in north |
| biome | any of the world's major ecosystems that cover large areas of land/water. classified by vegetation/adaptations of organisms in area |
| photic zone | upper zone of water. enough light for photosynthesis |
| aphotic zone | lower zone of water. not much light |
| benthic zone | bottom zone of water. sand/ organic/inorganic sediment occupied by benthos which feed on detritus |
| pelagic zone | area of ocean past continental shelf. open, deep water. covers 70% earth's surface |
| abyssal zone | deepest region of ocean floor |
| thermocline | narrow region of rapid temp change |
| oligotrophic | nutrient poor, but oxygen rich |
| eutrophic | nutrient rich, but oxygen poor |
| littoral zone | shallow, well lit, close to shore. contains rooted, floating plants |
| limnetic zone | too deep for rooted plants |
| neritic zone | coastal seafloor, receives some light |
| behavior | what an animal does and how it does it |
| ethology | study of how animals behave |
| proximate causation | environmental surroundings that trigger a behavior |
| ultimate causation | evolutionary significance of a behavior |
| fixed action pattern (FAP) | unlearned behavioral acts that are mostly unchangeable and when started, completed |
| sign stimulus | something external that triggers a fixed action pattern |
| circadian rhythm | 24hr physiological cycle that occurs in eukaryotic organisms without external forces. |
| sensitive period | limited time frame in animal's behavior. only time certain behaviors can be learned |
| innate behavior | behavior that is developmentally fixed, under strong genetic influence |
| directed movements | animal movements that are genetic |
| kinesis | change in activity in response to a stimulus |
| taxis | automatic movement towards or away from a stimulus |
| piloting | organism uses landmarks to find a location |
| orientation | organism uses sun/stars/earth's magnetic field to find location |
| true navigation | "internal map" to find location |
| signal | behavior that causes a change in another animal's behavior |
| communication | transmission, reception, response to signals |
| olfactory | relating to sense of smell |
| pheromones | odors that emit chemical substances |
| learning | modification of behavior based on experiences |
| habituation | loss of responsiveness to stimuli, learned behavior |
| spatial learning | modification of behavior based on experience w/ spatial structure of environment |
| cognitive map | internal representation/code of spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings |
| associative learning | animal's ability to associate one feature of the environment w/ another |
| classical conditioning | a stimulus is associated w/ reward or punishment |
| operant conditioning | trial and error learning. associates one of its own behaviors w/reward or punishment |
| cognition | ability of animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use info taken by sensory receptors |
| cognitive ethology | study of animal cognition |
| foraging | getting food |
| optimal foraging theory | compromise of getting the nutrition or the costs of getting the food. natural selection prefers low risk, low energy loss w/ max reward |
| sexual selection | attracting, choosing, competing for mates |
| promiscuity | no lasting relationships/pair bonds |
| monogamy | mates remain together, one male, one female. mates look similar |
| polygamy | individual mating w/ several others |
| polygyny | single male mating w/ several females |
| polyandry | single female mating w/ several males |
| intersexual selection (mate choice) | when individuals of a sex are picky in selecting mates (usually females |
| intrasexual selection | direct competition among individuals of a sex for a mate (usually males) |
| agonistic behavior | ritualized contest that determines which competitor gets access to a resource. determined by strength, size, formation of horns/teeth, behavior patterns etc |
| game theory | theory that outcome depends on strategy of individuals and other competitors |
| altruism | selflessness |
| kin selection | individuals more likely to commit altruistic acts for related individuals to preserve the genes |
| reciprocal altruism | altruistic act is returned by receiver |
| mate choice copying | individuals copy the mate choice of others |
| sociobiology | study of social behavior based on evolutionary theory |
| mark recapture method | capture animals, mark w/ tags, then release. marked animals mingle w/ unmarked. second trap set. scientists measure pop |
| clumped | individuals stay in patches |
| uniform | evenly spaced individuals |
| random | unpredictable spacing of individuals |
| demography | study of the vital statistics of a population, how they change overtime |
| life tables | age specific summaries of population statistics |
| cohort | group of individuals of same age |
| survivorship curve | plot of proportion/numbers in a cohort still alive at each age |
| life history | traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction/survival |
| semelparity (big bang reproduction) | organisms have one reproductive opportunity to produce lots of offspring |
| iteroparity (repeated reproduction) | organisms produce lots of offspring over many years |
| allee effect | individuals have a difficult time surviving/reproducing if population gets too small |
| metapopulation | subdivided population of a species |
| demographic transition | shift in zero pop growth from where birth and death rates are high to where birth and death rates are low |
| age structure | number of individuals at each age |
| density independent regulation | birth or death rates that don't change w/ population density |
| density dependent regulation | birth rates that fall/ death rates that rise w/ pop density |
| interspecific interactions | relationships between species in a community |
| competitive exclusion | when strong competition leads to local elimination of 1 of the 2 competing species |
| intraspecific competition | when members of a species compete for a resource |
| ecological niche | all of a species' uses for abiotic, biotic resources. how an organism fits into an environment |
| competitive exclusion principle | 2 species competing for same resource can't live in same area because 1 species will always use resource more efficiently and reproduce more than the other |
| fundamental niche | niche potentially occupied by species |
| realized niche | niche actually occupied by species |
| allopatric | geographically separate |
| sympatric | geographically overlapping |
| character displacement | characteristics of sympatric organisms are more diverse than characteristics of allopatric species |
| predation | when a species kills and eats another species |
| cryptic coloration | camouflage |
| aposematic coloration | warning coloration |
| batesian mimicry | harmless species mimics appearance of harmful species |
| mullerian mimicry | 2 harmful species look alike |
| herbivory | species eats parts of a plant/alga |
| parasitism | organism gets nourishment from another species which is harmed in process |
| symbiosis | 2 organisms of different species live in direct contact w/ each other. includes parasitism, mutualism, commensalism |
| endoparasites | parasites that live in host |
| ectoparasites | parasites that feed on outside of host |
| parasitoidism | insects lay eggs on/in host |
| pathogens | disease causing agents |
| mutualism | 2 organisms of different species live in direct contact w/ each other. both benefited |
| commensalism | 2 organisms of different species live in direct contact w/ each other. one is benefited. other not harmed or benefited |
| coevolution | change in one species causes change in another species. not common |
| nonequilibrium model | describes communities as constantly changing after being interrupted by disturbances |
| ecological succession | after disturbance, transition in species as new growth takes over community |
| primary succession | organisms grow in lifeless area w/out soil |
| secondary succession | disturbance clears community but soil is intact |
| conservation ecology | integrates ecology physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity |
| restoration ecology | uses ecology to return degraded ecosystems to their natural state |
| movement corridor | strip/ clumps of quality habitat connecting isolated patches |
| bioremediation | use of living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems |
| biological augmentation | use of organisms to add materials to degraded ecosystem |
Created by:
100001618350918