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skeletal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a unit of bone | osteon |
| -opening in the center of an osteon -carries blood vessels and nerves | central (haversian) canal |
| -canal perpendicular to the central canal -carries blood vessels and nerves | perforating (volkman's) canal |
| two types of bone tissue | compact and spongy |
| two types of skeletal classifications and their respective number of bones | axial skeleton 80 appendicular skeleton 126 |
| "little beams" of bones | trebeculae |
| trebeculae are filled with | red or yellow bone marrow |
| shaft of a long bone | diapysis |
| ends of long bones | epiphysis |
| -covers external surface of epiphysis -made of hylaline cartelage -decrease friction at joint surfaces | articular cartilage |
| -provides anchoring point for tendons and ligaments -double layered protective membrane -inner osteogenic layer is composed of osetoblasts and osteclasts | periostium |
| delicate CT membrane covering internal surfaces of bone -covers trabeculae of spongy bone -lines canals in compact bone -also contains both osteoblasts and osteclasts | Endosteum |
| -outside covering of diaphysis -fibrous connective tissue membrane | perosteum |
| secure periosteum to underlying bone | sharpey's fibers |
| supply bones cells with nutrients | arteries |
| -cavity of the shaft -contains yellow marrow (adults) -contains red marrow (infants) | medullary cavity |
| column-like matrix tubes composed of collagen and crystals of bone salts | lamellae |
| canal containing blood vessels and nerves | central canal (haversian canal) |
| -cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) -arranged in concentric rings | lacunae |
| -rings around the central canal -sties of lacunae | lamellae |
| -tiny canals -radiate fromt he central canal to lacunae -form a transport system | canaliculi |
| compact bone- composed of osteons also known as | haversian system |
| three types of bones cells (baby cells) | osteoblasts osetocytes osteoclasts |
| make more bone ells, not found in lacunae, not surrounded by an extracellular matrix | osteoblasts |
| are in lacunae, surrounded by extracellular matrix, connect to each other | osteocytes |
| break down bone, not found in lacunae, not surrounded by extracellular matrix very large, mutinucleated cells | osteoclasts |
| location of cartilage (3) -don't overthink it | bridge of nose parts of ribs joings |
| allows for growth of long bone during childhood | epiphyseal plates |
| 4 steps of bone growth | -new cartilage is continuously formed -older cartilage becomes ossified -cartilage is broken down -bone replaces cartilage |
| bone develops from a fibrous connective tissue membrane The flat bones of the skull, and clavicles are formed this way. stem cells differentiate to osteoblasts produces spongy bone, then compact bone | intramembranous ossification |
| bone froms by replacing hyaline cartilage, uses hyaline cartilage "bone" as patterns | endochondral ossification |
| PTH | parathormone |
| retards bone development | vitamin A deficiency |
| results in fragile bones | vitamin C deficiency |
| rickets, osteomalacia | vitamin D deficiency |
| insufficient growth hormone | dwarfism |
| excessive growth hormone | gigantism, acromegaly |
| insufficient thyroid hormone | delays bone growth |
| promote bone formation, stimulate ossification of epipyseal plates | sex hormone |
| stimulates bone growth | physical stress |
| repair of a bone fracture | hematoma, break is psinted by fibrocartilage to from a callus, fibrocartilage callus is replaced by bony callus, bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch |
| low bone mass, bone re-absorption outpaces bone deposition, occurs most often in women after menopause | oseoporosis |
| occurs in adults, bones are not adequately mineralized | osteomalacia |
| occurs in children, bones are not adequately mineralized, lack of vit D in the diet in areas receiving inadequate sunlight for vit D production is usally the cause, vitamin D is necessary for proper absorption of calcium | Rickets |
| spongy aka | cancellous |
| inorganic salt storage | calcium phospohate magnesium sodium potassium |
| skull, spine, rib cage | axial skeleton |
| upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle | appendicular skeleton |
| rounded knob taht articulates with another bone | condyle |
| smooth glat, slightly concave or convex surface | facet |
| prominent expanded end of the bone, maybe rounded | head |
| projection superior to a condyle | epicondyle |
| slightly reaised, elongated ridge | lines |
| bony prominence, (projection) | process |
| bony outgrowth | protuberance |
| sharp, slender, or narrow process (sharper and flatter) | spine |
| two large processes associated with femur | trochanter |
| small rounded process | tubercle |
| rough elevated surface | tuberosity |
| alveolus | socket |
| fossa | shallow, broad, or elongated basin |
| fovea | small pit |
| sulcus | groove from blood vessel, nerve or tendon |
| canal | tunnel in a bone |
| foramen | hole in a bone |
| fissure | slit through a bone |
| meatus | opening into a canal |
| sinus | air filled space in a bone |
| how many bones does the skull have | 22 |
| cranial bones | 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 occipital, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid |
| facial bones | 2 maxillae, 2 nasal, 2 palatine, 2 inf nasal conchae,2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 1 vomer, 1 mandible |
| spaces between cranial bones in infancy and childhood | fontanels |
| 33 vertabrae are divided as | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal |
| core of gelatinous nucleaus pulposus surrounded by a fibrocartilage ring, anulus fibrosus | intervertebral discs |
| abnormal spinal curvatures | scolliosis, kyphosis, lordosis |
| how many ribs do we have | 12 7 true, 5 false, (2 of which are floating) |
| shoulder girdle aka | pectoral girdle |
| pectoral girdle includes | clavicals and scapula |
| protein hormone produced in the thyroid gland produced in response to high blood calcium levels stimulates gone deposition by osteoblasts inhibits osteoclast activity far less important in homeostasis of blood calcium levels than parathyroid hormone | calcitonin |
| primary regulator of calcium homeostasis stimulates osteoclasts to initiate breakdown of bone matrix and increase blood calcium levels increases renal absorption of calcium from urine stimulates vitamin D synthesis | parathyroid hormone |
| four types of fractures | open, closed, spiral, and greenstick |
| inflamation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound (eg compound fracture) or migrate from a nearby infection fatal before the advent of antibiotics | osteomyelitis |
| "soft bones" | osteomalacia |
| bowed legs, and deformaties of the pelvis, ribs and skull- childrens disease | rickets |
Created by:
slarrett