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Biology 255 Exam 1
Ch 1-5:Anatomy terms, cells, embryology, tissue organization, integumentary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Regional Anatomy | The study of anatomy based on regions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures in that region |
| Systemic Anatomy | anatomy of the systems of the body |
| Surface Anatomy | Study of surface of body, especially in relation to its internal parts |
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Histology | The study of tissues and minute structures |
| Developmental Anatomy | The study of the changes of the body during prenatal through postnatal development |
| Embryology | The study of an individual from fertilization til the 8th week of development |
| Pathological Anatomy | Study of the diseased body |
| Radiographic Anatomy | Study of the body based on visualizations on x-rays |
| What is the axiom relating anatomy to physiology? | Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of an organism while physiology is the study of the functions of individual structures and systems within an organism |
| List the levels of structural organization of your body, from smallest to largest | 1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ Systems 6. Organism |
| Integumentary System | Skin, hair, and nails; protection and waterproofing |
| Skeletal System | Bones, cartilage, and ligaments; body support and blood formation |
| Muscular System | All muscles; movement and heat production |
| Nervous System | Nerves, spinal cord, brain, and ganglia; internal communication and coordination |
| Endocrine System | Pituitary gland, pancreas, and thyroid gland; chemical communication and produce hormones |
| Cardiovascular System | Blood vessels and heart; Transports nutrients and oxygen to body |
| Lymphatic System | Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and spleen; fights disease |
| Respiratory System | Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and lungs; absorbs oxygen and expels carbon dioxide |
| Digestive System | Mouth, stomach, and intestines; absorbs nutrients |
| Urinary System | Bladder, kidneys, and uterus; eliminates wastes wastes and detoxifies the body |
| Reproductive System | Testes and ovaries; makes babies |
| Describe the Anatomical Position | Body erect, feet forward, palms turned forward |
| Superior | Towards head |
| Inferior | Away from head |
| Anterior | Front of body |
| Posterior | Back of body |
| Medial | Toward midline |
| Lateral | Away from midline |
| Intermediate | Between a medial and a lateral structure |
| Proximal | Closer to point of attachment |
| Distal | Further from point of attachment |
| Superficial | Toward surface of body |
| Deep | Away from surface of body |
| Axial | Relates to trunk and head |
| Appendicular | Relates to limbs |
| Sagittal | Parallel to midsagittal; divides body into left and right |
| Midsagittal | Divides body into left and right |
| Frontal (coronal) | Divides body into anterior and posterior. vertical |
| Transverse | Divides body into superior and inferior. horizontal |
| Oblique | Cuts made diagonally |
| List 7 functions of cell membranes | 1. Physical boundary 2. Transporter of molecules 3. Enzymatic activity 4. Signal transduction 5.Intercellular recognition 6. Cell to cell recognition 7.Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
| Describe structure of cell membranes | Double layer of phospholipid with embedded proteins and no cholesterol |
| Tight Junction | Impermeable, encircles cell; inhibits movement between cells |
| Desmosome | Anchoring junction scattered along sides of cells; cell to cell attachment |
| Hemidesmosome | Stud-like structures; attach cell to extracellular matrix |
| Adherins Junction | Belt of desmosomes; resists separation of cells |
| Gap Junction | Like a channel; allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
| Describe the composition of cytoplasm | Gel-like, 75-90% water, the rest is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ions |
| Melanin | Color |
| Glycogen | Fast energy |
| Lipids | Long term energy storage |
| Nucleus | Cell reproduction and protein synthesis |
| Nucleolus | Ribosome synthesis |
| Rough E.R. | Protein synthesis |
| Smooth E.R. | Lipid synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | Sends proteins to other organelles |
| Lysosome | Intracellular digestion |
| Peroxisomes | Production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide |
| Mitochondria | ATP synthesis |
| Microfilaments | Movement in and out of cells |
| Intermediate filaments | Structure and strength |
| Microtubules | Give cell shape and move organelles in cell |
| Cilia | Many short, hair like projections that move microtubules past each other |
| Flagella | Single, longer projections that function for movement |
| Microvilli | Very small projections for increasing surface area for absorption |
| Metastasis | The spreading of a disease from one part of the body to another |
| Epithelial Tissue | Cover and line structures |
| Connective Tissue | Deeper than epithelium, vascular except cartilage, and innervated. derives from mesoderm |
| Nervous Tissue | Neurons detect stimulus and cause nerve impulses. derives from ectoderm |
| Muscular Tissue | Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. derives from mesoderm |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | One layer thick, diffusion, secretion, and absorption |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Tall, active cells allow absorption and secretion of mucus |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Nuclei at different levels with goblet cells interspersed; movement of mucus |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Several layers of cells constantly replaced at basal layer as lost at apical surface |
| Transitional Epithelium | Chubby cells allow for stretching |
| Mesenchyme | Embryonic connective tissue |
| Mucus Connective Tissue | Supports umbilical chord |
| Areolar Loose Connective Tissue | Binds and cushions organs and skin |
| Adipose Loose Connective Tissue | Store triglycerides for future use and used for insulation |
| Reticular Connective Tissue | Reticular fibers provide the soft 'skeleton' or stroma for organs |
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue | Fibers all run the same way |
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | Fibers run in several directions |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Withstands stretch and compression |
| Elastic Cartilage | More flexible than hyaline, found in some joints |
| Fibrocartilage | Less firm than hyaline, provides strength, allowing compression |
| Bone | Calcified matrix with collagen provides support and protection and calcium storage |
| Blood | Blood cells in a liquid matrix is plasma; transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes |
| Skeletal Muscle | Striated, voluntary, unbranched multinucleate cells |
| Cardiac Muscle | Striated, involuntary, branched, auto-rythmic |
| Smooth Muscle | Involuntary, unstriated, spindle shaped |
| Neurons | Sense impulses and create nerve impulses |
| Neuroglia | Glial cells- protect and support neurons |
| Exocrine | Unicellular, tubular, acinar, and simple or compound |
| Merocrine | Discharge secretion from cell; most common gland type in body |
| Holocrine | Accumulates secretion in cytoplasm, cells burst to release secretion |
| Fibroblasts | Fibrocytes-make and maintain loose and dense connective tissue |
| Chondroblasts | Chondrocytes-make and maintain cartilage |
| Osteoblasts | Osteocytes-make and maintain bone |
| Hematopoietic Stem Cells | Make blood cells, found in red bone marrow |
| Cutaneous Membrane | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with dermis below, home of normal flora |
| Mucous Membrane | Line body cavities connected to external surfaces |
| Serous Membrane | Line body cavities and cover internal organs |
| Synovial Membrane | Lines cavities of joints |
| Gamete | The male or female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of the organism |
| Pregnancy | From fertilization until infant birth |
| Gestation Period | From last menstrual period until birth |
| Fertilization | Process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male and female gamete |
| Zygote | Fertilized egg |
| Embryo | 3rd-8th week, germ cell layers form |
| Fetus | 9th week through birth, developmental and growth |
| Baby | After birth |
| Chorion | Extend to embryo as umbilical arteries and veins |
| Decidua Basalis | Part of endometrium separating chorionic villi and stratum basalis |
| Decidua Capsularis | Part of endometrium surrounding uterine cavity around implanted embryo |
| Amnion | Epiblast cells form transparent membrane filled with amniotic fluid |
| Yolk Sac | Hypoblast cells form sac on the ventral surface of embryo |
| Allantois | A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal |
| What two tissues form the placenta? | Embryonic trophoblastic tissues and maternal endometrial tissues |
| What is the Primitive Streak? | An elongated band of cells that forms along the axis of a developing fertilized egg early in gastrulation and that is considered a forerunner of the neural tube and nervous system |
| Ectoderm | Forms structures of nervous system and skin epidermis |
| Endoderm | Forms epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems |
| Mesoderm | Froms all other tissues |
| List 6 functions of the skin | Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, sensation, and regulation |
| Papillary Region (includes dermal papilla) | In dermis, loose connective tissue, most superficial |
| Reticular Region | Under papillary region, deepest in dermis |
| Subcutaneous Layer | Fibers from dermis anchor skin to deeper tissues and organs |
| Eccrine Sweat Gland | Found in palms, soles of feet, and forehead |
| Apocrine Sweat Gland | Found in axillary and anogenital areas |
| Ceruminous Gland | Modified apocrine glands in external ear can that secrete cerumen |
| Mammary Gland | Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk |
| Sebacious Gland | Associated with hair or not, prevents drying and protects |
| Hair-Vellus | Pale, fine body hair found on children and adult females |
| Hair-Terminal | Coarse, longer hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions |
| Nail-Matrix | Produces the highly keratinized nails |
| Nail-Lanula | White moon-shaoed region over matrix, due to thick stratum basale |
| Endocrine | Ductless; secrete hormones into blood |
| gross anatomy | developmental and embryology |
| microscopic anatomy | cytology, histology |
| cranial cavity | skull |
| vertebral canal | spine |
| thoracic cavity | heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels |
| adnominal cavity | digestive system, kidneys, ureters |
| pertoneum membrane | surrounds digestive organs |
| pelvic cavity | distal part of large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra and internal reproductive organs |
| pericardum membrane | surrounds heart |
| pleura membrane | surrounds lungs |
| mediastinum | median space in the thoracic cavity |
| Epigastric region | "above belly" liver, stomach, duodnum, pancreas, and both adrenal glads |
| Umbilical region | "naval" middle of colon, small intestine, blood vessels |
| hypogastric region | "underbelly" small intestine, bladder, sigmoid colon |
| R & L Lumbar region | colon, r colic flexure, kidney, small intestine. middle outer edges |
| R&L hypochondriac region | R=liver, gallbladder and R kidney. L=stomach, spleen, L kidney and L colic flexure of large intestine. upper outer edges |
| R & L iliac region | lower outer edges. appendix, small intesrtine, colon, cecum |
| Parietal serous membrane | lines internal surface of body |
| visceral serous membrane | lines external surface of organs |
| embryogenesis | fertilization to birth |
| developmental process | fertilization > zygote > cleavage > blastocyst > implantation |
| pre-embryonic period | Cleavage: Zygote > 2 cell > 4 cell > Morula >Blastocyst |
| embryonic period | Gastration: week 3. Organogenesis week 4 - 8 |
| Blastocyst | trophoblast- outer ring. embryoblast: innner ring |
| endometrium layer in the lumen of uterus | embryo implantation site |
| hypoblast | layer of small cubodal cells facing blastocysts cavity.. forms endoderm |
| epiblast | layer of columnar cells deep to the hypoblasts. forms ectoderm |
| notochord | forms neural tube. |
| stratum basale | 1st layer |
| stratum spinosum | 2nd layer |
| stratum granulosum | 3rd layer |
| stratum lucidum | 4thlayer |
| stratum corneum | 5th last |
Created by:
gaudiop