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Eng. Ch. 3 Voc

English III Chapter 3 Vocabulary

TermDefinition
ad hominem fallacy referring to the tactic of changing the focus of the argument from the matter at hand to a characteristic of the opposing speaker
ad populum (bandwagon appeal) fallacy referring to when evidence boils down to "everyone's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."
appeal to false authority fallacy referring to when a person is cited in an argument that does not have any expertise to speak on that particular issue
argument process of reasoned inquiry, persuasive discourse
begging the question fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence that is in doubt
circular reasoning fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence
claim/assertion/proposition states an argument's main idea or position
claim of fact claim that asserts that something is true or not true
claim of policy claim that proposes a change
claim of value claim that argues whether something is good or bad, right or wrong
Classical oration five-part argument structure
(classical oration) introduction introduces reader to subject under discussion
(classical oration) narration provides factual information on subject/establishes why subject is a problem and needs addressing
(classical oration) confirmation includes proof needed to make writer's case
(classical oration) refutation addresses the counterargument (bridge between proof and conclusion)
(classical oration) conclusion brings essay to satisfying close
Closed thesis statement of the main idea that also previews the major points the writer intends to make
deduction logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle (major premise) and applying it to a specific case (minor premise)
either/or (false dilemma) a fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices
faulty analogy fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable
first-hand evidence evidence based on something the writer knows
hasty generalization a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence
induction a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases to draw a conclusion
logical fallacy potential vulnerabilities in an argument
open thesis thesis that does not list all the point a writer intends to make
post hoc ergo propter hoc ("and which therefore because of which") fallacy meaning that it is incorrect to always be the cause of something else just because it happened earlier
qualifier makes a claim less absolute
quantitative evidence evidence that can be measured
rebuttal gives voice to possible objections
reservation explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier
Rogerian arguments argument based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating
second-hand evidence evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation
straw man fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea
syllogism logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
Toulmin model an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by a british philosopher
warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and audience
Created by: Kpleaux
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