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Psy of Learning Ch.2
Psychology of Learning Ch. 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| appetitive stimulus | An event that an organism will seek out |
| aversive stimulus | An event that an organism will avoid |
| case study approach | A descriptive research approach that involves intensive examination of one or a few individuals |
| changing-criterion design | A type of single-subject design in which the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered |
| comparative design | A type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables |
| contingency | A predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other |
| control group design | A type of experiment in which subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group; subjects in the experimental group are exposed to a certain manipulation or treatment, while those assigned to the control group are not |
| covert behavior | Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior; thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors; also known as private events or private behavior. |
| cumulative recorder | A device that measures total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behavior |
| deprivation | The prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event |
| duration | The length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior |
| establishing operation | A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus |
| functional relationship | The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable; a cause-and-effect relationship |
| interval recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals. (Note that the number of times that the behavior occurs within each interval is irrelevant) |
| latency | The length of time required for a behavior to begin |
| multiple-baseline design | A type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors |
| naturalistic observation | A descriptive research approach that involves the systematic observation and recording of behavior in its natural environment |
| overt behavior | Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior |
| rate of response | The frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time |
| response | A particular instance of a behavior |
| reversal design | A type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period |
| satiation | The prolonged exposure to (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitiveness of that event |
| simple-comparison design | A type of single-subject design in which behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in a treatment condition |
| single-subject design | A research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment. Also known as single-case or small n designs |
| spatial contiguity | The extent to which events are situated close to each other in space |
| speed | The amount of time required to perform a complete episode of a behavior from start to finish |
| stimulus | Any event that can potentially influence behavior |
| temporal contiguity | The extent to which events occur close together in time |
| time-sample recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of discontinuous intervals. (The number of times that it occurs within each interval is irrelevant) |
| topography | The physical form of a behavior |
| variable | A characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change (vary) over time or from one situation to another |
| The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable is known as a(n) ____ relationship. | functional |
| Jan winks at Tyler. The wink is an example of a(n) ___ by Jan and a ___ for Tyler. | response; stimulus |
| The term ___ refers to events occurring in close physical proximity to each other. | spatial contiguity |
| Which of the following would constitute the most important aspect of a good behavioral definition of shyness? | avoidance of groups of individuals (nothing to do with feelings or thoughts) |
| A(n) ___ measure of behavior is the frequency with which a behavior occurs in a set period of time. | rate |
| Rate of response is a favorite measure of behavior for some researchers because it is ___. | a very sensitive measure of behavior |
| Jonah's piano teacher is trying to get him to shorten the time it takes to play a Beethoven sonata. The appropriate behavioral measure is therefore ___. | speed |
| As I watch television for a four hour stretch one evening, I record the number of aggressive incidents that occur during each one hour period. I am taking a(n) ___ measure of behavior. | rate |
| I watch television for several one hour periods randomly dispersed throughout the month. Each time I watch it, I also make a note of whether at least one murder was depicted during that period of time. This is a(n) ___ design. | time sample |
| A common control procedure in a control group design is ___. | random assignment of subjects to groups. |
| In which of the following studies would you expect to find a control group? | factorial design |
| Single-subject designs are research designs that require ___. | only one or few subjects |
| Suppose your friend smiles after you give her a compliment. As a result, you are now more likely to compliment her in the future. This is best described as ___. | operant conditioning |
| When Trish saw the lush green forest, it reminded her of the desert that she had visited last year. This is best described as an example of the law of ___. | contrast |
| We easily associate birds with trees and tires with cars. This is in keeping with Aristotle's law of ___. | contiguity |
| Descartes believed that the behaviors of nonhuman animals are ___. | entirely reflexive |
| The British empiricists promoted the notion that knowledge is almost entirely a function of ___. | experience |
| "All that we are is a function of what we have experienced." This statement most closely agrees with the point of view known as ___. | British empiricism |
| Although ___ believed that the mind consists of various combinations of basic elements, it was researchers associate with the approach known as ___ who actually began to test that idea. | the British empiricists; Structuralism |
| The functionalists believed that psychology should be the study of ___. | adaptive processes |
| One similarity between structuralism and functionalism is that both approaches ___. | utilized the method of introspection |
| The principle or mechanism that explains how species change across generations in response to environmental pressures is ___. | natural selection |
| Behaviorism is traditionally defined as a ___ approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of ___ on observable behavior. | natural science; environmental influences |
| The KISS rule in engineering ("Keep it simple, stupid") is one version of ___. | the law of parsimony |
| After making love, one behaviorist comments, "That was fine for you, how was it for me?" This is descriptive of which school of behaviorism? | methodological behaviorism |
| Which of the following behaviorists would be least interested in conducting an experiment on a person's ability to form mental images? | Watson |
| The most critical factor in determining expert performance is ___. | deliberate practice |
| Heredity may influence expert performance in determining ___. | the extent to which one becomes interested in a subject matter AND one's ability to endure the hard work that is required |
| Which approach to behaviorism views behavior as very machine-like, with specific responses becoming attached to specific stimuli? | neobehaviorism |
| Hull's model of behavior is quite similar to modern cognitive approaches that view humans as ___. | analogous to computers that process bits of information to produce responses |
| Which behaviorist would be most interested in robotics, because of its focus on mechanistic aspects of behavior? | Hull |
| A mental representation of one's surroundings is a ___. | cognitive map |
| Who is most likely to say that you go to the supermarket because you expect that food is available at the supermarket? | a social learning theorist |
| According to the notion of ___, behavior, environment and internal events (person variables) all influence each other. | reciprocal determinism |
| According to Skinner, thoughts and feelings are ___. | private behaviors that also require explanation |
| Dr. Franzoi notices that one of her patients has great difficulty describing her emotions, possibly because she was severely neglected as a young child. The behaviorist who would be most interested in this matter would probably be ___. | Skinner |
| Skinner's notion of ___ is similar to Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism. | countercontrol |
| Changes in a species is to ___ as changes in an individual is to ___. | natural selection; operant conditioning |
| A strong trait of Skinner's that later became reflected in his brand of behaviorism was his ___. | objectivity |
| What is a personal characteristic that most directly influenced Skinner's work as a psychologist? | inventiveness |
| My neighbor so often mows his lawn on Sunday, that I can hear the sound of the lawn mower even on a Sunday when he doesn't mow his lawn. This is an example of Aristotle's law of ___. | frequency |
| Which behaviorist would emphasize the distinction between learning and performance? | Tolman |
| Bob believes that he has trouble studying because his parents neglected him as a child. The theorist most likely to regard this explanation as overly simplistic would be ___. | Bandura |
| Behaviorists ___ the role of genetic factors in learning. | have a growing appreciation for |
| Because I am hungry as a result of food deprivation, I walk quickly as I head to the cafeteria. This statement is most descriptive of ___ brand of behaviorism. | Hull's |
| In the method of ___, experimental subjects try to accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions. | introspection |
| This perspective holds that it is possible to understand the mind by identifying its basic elements. | structuralism |
| According to Skinner, behavior is ultimately the result of ___ influences. | both genetic and environmental |
| Consider these two statements: (A) the dog salivates because it knows that I am about to give it a treat. (B) the dog salivates because as a reflexive response to the smell of food. Which statement violates Morgan's Canon? | A |
| Give Watson's behavioral leanings, it is interesting to note that he ___. | was quite uncomfortable with the discussion of feelings |
| Which school of psychology was the immediate predecessor to behaviorism? | functionalism |
| Tara complains that she is doing poorly in her classes because she isn't being taught well. The theorist most likely to regard this explanation as an oversimplification would be ___. | Bandura |
| Natural selection leads to changes in a species because ___. | some individuals reproduce more than others |
| If I want to convince someone that his habit of watching television shows each evening is causing his insomnia, it would be best to use which type of design? | reversal |
| A reversal design that is conducted across four different subjects ___. | constitutes four separate experiments |
| Jonathan decides to reduce his tendency to crack his knuckles, first at home and then at school. What type of research design is he employing to measure his improvement? | multiple-baseline across settings |
| Bruce decides to first reduce his tendency to smack his lips, then his tendency to spit on the road, and then finally his tendency to swear. What type research design is he employing to measure his improvement? | multiple-baseline across behaviors |
| The most appropriate design for slowly increasing the amount of running that you do each day would be a ___. | changing-criterion |
| Satiation usually ___ the ___ of an event. | decreases; appetitiveness |
| A good behavioral definition should be ___. | objective and unambiguous |
| In a simple control group experiment on the effects of food deprivation on activity level, the control group would ___. | eat normally |
| List the advantages of single-subject designs. | monitoring the subject's behavior throughout the experiment; large number of subjects are not required to conduct an entire experiment; they do not require sophisticated statistical analysis |
| If you were testing a behavioral treatment for eliminating a severe addiction in a small group of patients, the most appropriate and ethical design would be a(n) ___ design. | multiple-baseline across persons |
| List the advantages of using animals in behavioral research. | control the experimental environment; control learning history; carry out experiments that could not ethically be conducted on humans |
| What is the most fundamental criticism of animal research is that ___. | it is morally wrong |
| applied behavior analysis | A technology of behavior in which basic principles of behavior are applied to solving real-world issues |
| behavior | Any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured |
| behavior analysis (or experimental analysis of behavior) | The behavioral science that grew out of Skinner’s philosophy of radical behaviorism |
| behaviorism | A natural science approach to psychology that traditionally focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior |
| British empiricism | A philosophical school of thought which maintains that almost all knowledge is a function of experience |
| cognitive behaviorism | A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized cognitive processes, to help explain behavior. Sometimes called “purposive behaviorism" |
| cognitive map | The mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings |
| countercontrol | The deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behavior |
| empiricism | In psychology, the assumption that behavior patterns are mostly learned rather than inherited. Also known as the nurture perspective |
| evolutionary adaptation | An inherited trait (physical or behavioral) that has been shaped through natural selection |
| functionalism | An approach to psychology which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us, and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes |
| introspection | The attempt to accurately describe one’s conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences |
| latent learning | Learning that occurs in the absence of any observable indication of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions |
| law of contiguity | A law of association, according to which events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other |
| law of contrast | A law of association, according to which events that are opposite from each other are readily associated with each other |
| law of frequency | A law of association, according to which the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated with each other |
| law of parsimony | The assumption that simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanations |
| law of similarity | A law of association, according to which events that are similar to each other are readily associated with each other |
| learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience |
| methodological behaviorism | A brand of behaviorism which asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed |
| mind–body dualism | Descartes’ philosophical assumption that some human behaviors are bodily reflexes that are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely chosen and controlled by the mind |
| nativism | The assumption that a person’s characteristics are largely inborn. Also known as the nature perspective |
| natural selection | The evolutionary principle according to which organisms that are better able to adapt to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce and pass along those adaptive characteristics than those that cannot adapt |
| neobehaviorism | A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior |
| radical behaviorism | A brand of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of the environment on overt behavior, rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained |
| reciprocal determinism | The assumption that environmental events, observable behavior, and “person variables” (including internal thoughts and feelings) reciprocally influence each other |
| social learning theory | A brand of behaviorism that strongly emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior |
| structuralism | An approach to psychology which assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it |
Created by:
Graceful666