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Mastering Bio Ch. 8

Study cards for Dr. Day's Survey of Biology at Clayton State

QuestionAnswer
What drives the cellular economy? Cellular respiration
What does metabolism mean? "To change". It is an emergent property, managing materials and resources of a cell.
What is cellular metabolism? Total of all an organism's chemical reactions.
What is an anabolic pathway? Building complex molecules from simpler ones. CONSUMES energy.
What is a catabolic pathway? Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones. RELEASES energy.
What is "Energy"? The ability to do work.
Two types of energy: Kinetic, potential
What is "thermodynamics"? The study of energy transformation
Principle of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transferred and transformed.
What is "entropy"? The measure of disorder/randomness in teh universe. The more random the matter is, the greater its entropy.
Free Energy Concept "Gibbs Free Energy" ... A portion of a system's energy that is available to do work ... used to determine if process is spontaneous. A process with a negative change in energy is spontaneous.
What is an "endergonic reaction"? One that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
What is an "exergonic reaction"? One that releases energy into its surroundings.
What happens if a cell reaches equilibrium? It dies.
What is "Energy Coupling"? using exergonic reactions to fuel endergonic reactions.
What is ATP? Adenine + Ribose + three phosphate groups. Mediates energy coupling and is a source of energy.
Define "Catabolism" Breaking a molecule down into smaller molecules.
What are "enzymes"? Proteins that function as a biological catalyst. Names usually end in -ase
Enzymes do NOT: 1) become consumed by the reaction 2) turn into products 3) add energy to the reaction.
What is an "induced fit"? When the enzyme changes shape to grip the substrate.
What affects enzyme activation? Temperature and pH
What are "cofactors"? Non-protien helpers of enzymes. Inorganic: zinc, copper, iron.
What are "coenzymes"? Organic cofactors.
Cofactors can be... ...tightly bound and permanent, or loosely bound and occasional.
Two types of enzyme inhibitors: Competitive and non-competitive
A negative change in free energy means... a process occurs spontaneously.
What is an exergonic reaction? A reaction that releases free energy. "Energy outward" Reactions that occur spontaneously. "Downhill"
What is an endergonic reaction? A reaction that absorbs free energy. "Energy inward". Stores free energy in molecules. Nonspontaneous. "Uphill"
How does ATP work? It couples exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions through energy coupling.
What is energy coupling? The use of an exergonic reaction to fuel an endergonic one.
How are ATP phosphate bonds broken? Hydrolysis.
How is ATP regenerated? The addition of a phosphate to ADP.
What environmental factors can affect an enzyme's activity? pH and temperature
What is allosteric regulation? Any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site. May inhibit or stimulate the enzyme.
Created by: ghouliegrrrl
 

 



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