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Mastering Bio Ch. 5

Study cards for Dr. Day's Survey of Biology at Clayton State

QuestionAnswer
What is a polymer? Made of monomers.
What is a monomer? Building block of polymers, but may have independent functions.
Four classes of organic molecules: Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid
Dehydration Reaction Removal of a water molecule to bond monomers into polymers.
Hydrolysis Reaction Addition of a water molecule to separate monomers from polymers.
Carbohydrates Includes sugars and polymers of sugars.
Monosaccaride (6 concepts) Simple sugars Usually a multiple of a general molecular formula (CH2O) Carbon skeletons vary in length from 3-7 carbons. Contains hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Most common is glucose. Most sugars will end in -ose.
Disaccharides Two monosaccharides joined together by Glycoside Links Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
Maltose is made of: Disaccharide Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose is made of: Disaccharide Glucose + Fructose
Lactose is made of: Disaccharide Glucose + Galactose
Polysaccarides Long chains of monosaccharides (three or more) Function in energy storage and/or structure
Types of polysaccarides: Determined by type and shape of monomers. Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Function of starch: Polysaccaride Stores energy in plants. Branched and unbranched.
Function of Glycogen: Polysaccaride Stores energy in animals. Highly branched.
Function of Cellulose: Polysaccaride Structure of plants.
Where is glycogen stored? In liver and muscle cells.
Lipids: (three concepts) Store energy. Not a true polymer. Hydrophobic
Three categories of lipids: Fats/oils (triglycerides) Phospholipids Waxes
Saturated fats No double bonds between carbons, so "saturated" with hydrogens. Found in birds and mammals. Solid at room temp.
Unsaturated fats Some double bonds, causing bending of the molecule. Found in plants and fish. Liquid at room temp.
Waxes are: One fatty acid connected to a glycerol. More hydrophobic than fats.
Cholesterol Characterized by four fused rings. Precursor to steroids.
Proteins (three concepts) Function determined by 3-D shape Monomer = amino acids Polymer = "polypeptide"
Proteins are not functional until... ...the amino acid chain circles back on itself.
Function of Enzymatic Proteins: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Function of Structural Proteins: Support
Function of Transport Proteins: Transport of other substances
Function of Storage Proteins: Storage of amino acids
Function of Hormonal Proteins: Coordination of an organizations activities
Function of contractile and motor proteins: Movement
Function of Defensive Proteins Protection against disease.
Amino acids are made from: An Amino group and a Carboxyl group with one variable group that differs with each amino, and a carbon in the center.
How many amino acids are there? 20
Peptide bonds Bond between a Carboxyl group to an Amine group by dehydration reaction.
Four levels of protein structures Primary: linear chain Secondary: regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds Tertiary: more complex Quaternary: two or more polypeptide chains in one functional macromolecule. Four tertiary structures held together by ionic bonds.
Disulfide bridge Form where two cystine monomers are bound.
What causes hydrogen bonds to break? High temps Low or high pH Extreme salt variations
Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary information. Monomer: nucleotides Polymer: nucleic acid Two types: DNA and RNA
Three types of RNA rRNA: ribosomal mRNA: messenger tRNA: transfer
Created by: ghouliegrrrl
 

 



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