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Intro Psych Ch.3
Dr. Haggbloom's Intro to Psychology Chapter 3 Test on Sensation and Perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensation | the process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure |
| perception | the process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations |
| sensory receptors | specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation |
| transduction | the process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system |
| absolute threshold | the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time |
| difference threshold | the smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time; also called just-noticeable difference |
| Weber's law | a principle of sensation that holds that the size of the just noticeable difference will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus |
| subliminal perception | the detection of stimuli that are below the threshold of conscious awareness; non-conscious perception |
| mere exposure effect | the finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases a person's preference for that stimulus |
| sensory adaptation | the decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus |
| wavelength | the distance from one wave peak to another |
| cornea | a clear membrane covering the visible part of the eye that helps gather and direct incoming light |
| pupil | the opening in the middle of the iris that changes size to let in different amounts of light |
| iris | the colored part of the eye which is the muscle that controls the size of the pupil |
| lens | a transparent structure located behind the pupil that actively focuses, or bends, light as it enters the eye |
| accommodation | the process by which the lens changes shape to focus incoming light so that is falls on the retina |
| retina | a thing, light-sensitive membrane, located at the back of the eye, that contains the sensory receptors for vision |
| rods | the long, thin blunt sensory receptors of the eye that are highly sensitive to light, but no to color, and that are primarily responsible for peripheral vision and night vision |
| cones | the short, thick, pointed sensory receptors of the eye that detect color and are responsible for color vision and visual activity |
| fovea | a small area in the center of the retina, composed entirely of cones, where visual information is most sharply focused |
| optic disk | area of the retina without rods or cones, where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye |
| blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, producing a small gap in the field of vision |
| ganglion cells | in the retina, the specialized neurons that connect to the bipolar cells; the bundled axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve |
| bipolar cells | in the retina, the specialized neurons that connect the rods and cones with the ganglion cells |
| optic nerve | the thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye and carries visual information to the visual cortex in the brain |
| optic chiasm | Point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
| color | the perceptual experience of different wavelengths of light, involving hue, saturation, and brightness |
| hue | the property of wavelengths of light known as color different wavelengths correspond to our subjective experience of different colors |
| saturation | the property of color that corresponds to the purity of the light wave |
| brightness | the perceived intensity of a color, which corresponds to the amplitude of the light wave |
| trichromatic theory of color vision | the theory that the sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light(long), green light(medium), or blue light(short) |
| color blindness | one of several inherited forms of color deficiency or weakness in which an individual cannot distinguish between certain colors |
| afterimage | a visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present |
| opponent-process theory of color vision | the theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white; when one member of a color pair is stimulated, the other member is inhibited |
| audition | the technical term for the sense of hearing |
| loudness | the intensity (or amplitude) of a sound wave, measured in decibels |
| amplitude | the intensity or amount of energy of a wave, reflected in the height of the wave; the amplitude of a sound wave determines a sound's loudness |
| decibel | the unit of measurement for loudness |
| pitch | the relative highness or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of a sound wave |
| frequency | the rate of vibration, or the number of sound waves per second |
| timbre | the distinctive quality of a sound, determined by the complexity of the sound wave |
| place theory | the view that different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane |
| olfaction | technical name for the sense of smell |
| gustation | technical name for the sens of taste |
| olfactory bulb | the enlarged ending of the olfactory cortex at the front of the brain where the sensation of smell is registered |
| phermones | chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species |
| taste buds | the specialized sensory receptors for taste that are located on the tongue and inside the mouth and throat |
| pain | the unpleasant sensation of physical discomfort or suffering that can occur in varying degrees of intensity |
| nociceptors | specialized sensory receptors for pain that are found in the skin, muscles, and internal organs |
| substance P | a neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages in the brain |
| gate-control theory of pain | the theory that pain is a product of both physiological and psychological factors that cause spinal gates to open and relay patterns of intense stimulation to the brain, which perceives them as pain |
| kinesthetic sense | the technical name for the sense of location and position of body parts in relation to one another |
| proprioceptors | sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints, that provide information about body position and movement |
| vestibular sense | the technical name for the sense of balance, or equalibrium |
| bottom-up processing | information processing that emphasizes the importance of the sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus in the process of recognizing a whole pattern; analysis that moves from the parts to the whole |
| top-down processing | information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer's knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive processes in arriving at meaningful perceptions; analysis that moves from the whole to the parts |
| ESP (extrasensory perception) | perception of information by some means other than through the normal processes of sensation |
| parapsychology | the scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities |
| Gestalt psychology | A school of psychology founded in Germany in the early 1900s that maintained that our sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules that result in meaningful whole perceptions, or gestalts. |
| Max Wertheimer | Arguing that the whole is always greater than the sum of its parts; founded Gestalt psychology |
| figure-ground relationship | a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically seperate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out (the figure) and its less distinct background (the ground) |
| depth perception | the use of visual cues to perceive the distance or three-dimensional characteristics of objects |
| monocular cues | distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone |
| binocular cues | Distance or depth cues that require the use of both eyes |
| perceptual consistency | the tendency to perceive objects, especially familiar objects, as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input |
| size constancy | the perceptions of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina |
| shape constancy | the perception of a familiar object as maintaining the same shape regardless of the image produced on the retina |
| perceptual illusion | the misperception of true characteristics of an object or an image |
| Muller-Lyer illusion | A famous visual illusino involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward |
| moon illusion | A visual illusion inolving misperception that the moon is larger when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead |
| perceptual set | the tendency to perceive objects or situations from a particular frame of reference |
| biofeedback | Technique that involves using auditory or visual feedback to learn to exert voluntary control over, involuntary body functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, and muscle tension |
| acupuncture | Ancient Chinese medical procedure involving the insertion and manipulation of fine needles into specific locations on the body to alleviate pain and treat illness |
| Karl Duncker | German Gestalt psychologist who is best known for his studies on the perception of motion; also studied the perception of pain and the effects of past experience on perception; immigrated to the U.S. in 1938 |
| Relative size | The people, trees, and lampposts toward the bottom of the photo seem closer because they are lager than those toward the center |
| Overlap | Many objects in the photograph are partially obscured by other objects-such as trees. In each case, the object that is not obscured is perceived as being closer |
| Aerial perspective | The towers toward the top of the photo are fuzzy and slightly blurred, and thus they are perceived as being farther away |
| Texture gradient | Details of the cobblestones, people, trees, and lampposts are crisp in the foreground but become progressively more blurred as you move toward the top of the photograph |
| Linear perspective | The cobblestones and the lines of trees and lampposts seem to be converging toward the middle of the photo, creating a sense of greater distance |
| The heater fan in John's truck makes a constant humming noise which after driving for a while John no longer notices. This is an example of: | Sensory adaptation |
| The smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected is called the | absolute threshold |
| The sensory receptors that respond to different wavelengths of light and allow us to perceive color are the | cones |
| The view of information processing that emphasizes the importance of your knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive processes for perception is called | |
| The tendency to perceive objects of similar size, shape, or color as a unit or as belonging together is the Gestalt Principle of | Gestalt's Principle of Grouping |
| Depth cues that only require one eye are called | Monocular cues |
| The fact that parallel lines appear to converge in the distanceis used by the visual system as a depth cue. This depth cue is called: | linear perspective |
| The fact that parallel lines appear to converge in the distance is used by the visual system as a depth cue. This is an example of: | binocular cue |
| When one object partially blocks the view of another object, the partially blocked object is perceived as being farther away. This depth cue is called: | Overlap |
| The visual system information about depth from the slightly different images seen by your left and right eye. This depth cue is called: | retinal disparity |
| The visual system obtains information about depth from the slightly different images seen by your left and right eye. This is an example of a: | binocular cue |
| The tendency to see objects as constant and unchanging despite changes in the retinal image is called: | perceptual constancy |
| The retinal image of door viewed at an angle is not rectangular, yet the door is still perceived to have a rectangular shape. This phenomenon is called | shape constancy |
Created by:
TaylorAnn1993