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chapter 1:pyschology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| goals of psychology | to try to describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes. |
| historical roots of pyschology | Ancient Greeks;The 19th century is considered the formal beginning of psychology and Wilhelm Wundt developed the first laboratory that focused on psychology |
| trephining | the ancient “cure” for mental illness that involved chipping away at the skull to allow evil spirits to escape |
| Who formally established psychology in 1879? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| Introspection | procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they’re experiencing when exposed to the stimulus |
| Structuralism | Wundt’s approach, focuses on uncovering the fundamental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities |
| Functionalism | early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does-the functions of mental activity-and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments |
| Nature vs. nurture debate in psychology | How people’s behavior is due to their genetically determined nature, and how much is due to nurture, the influences of the physical and social environment in which a child is raised |
| Neuroscience perspective | approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions |
| Psychodynamic perspective | approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control |
| Behvaioral perspective | approach that suggests that observable, measureable behavior should be the focus of study |
| cognitive perspective | approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world |
| Humanistic perspective | approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their live and behavior |
| founder of the psychodynamic perspective | Sigmund Freud |
| hypothesis | A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested. |
| theory | Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest |
| operationalization of variables | The translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed |
| archival research | research in which existing data such as census and college records, are examined to test a hypothesis |
| case study | in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people |
| correlational research | research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated” |
| naturalistic research | research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and doesn’t make a change in the situation |
| experimentation research | the investigation of the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change another aspects of the situation |
| survey method research | research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes |
| independent variable | variable that’s manipulated by an experimenter |
| dependent varaible | variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable |
| control group | group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment |
| experimental group | any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment |
| steps in scientific method | identify questions of interest,formulate explanation, carry out research, communicate the findings |
| purpose of random assignment of participants | There is an equal chance that participant characteristics will be distributed across the various groups |
| Experimental bias | Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment |
| Ethical principles | Protection of participants from physical and mental harm;The right of participants to privacy regarding their behavior;The assurance that participation is completely voluntary,The necessity of informing participants about the nature of procedures |
| Informed consent | Document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve |
Created by:
stantonk