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A&P EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the highest level of structural organization you would expect a blood vessel to be? | organ |
| the specific name for hip/ groin/ thigh/ leg/ forearm/arm/front of elbow/calf/ shoulder blade/ breastbone/ cheek/ chin/ eye/ chest/ armpit/ neck/ etc. | coxal |
| Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms? | Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. |
| The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane which | lining the thoracic cavity. |
| Distinguish between functional systems and organ systems. | organ system - |
| List and describe the subdivisions (topics) contained within the study of anatomy. | Regional- all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Systemic- gross anatomy of the body studied by system • Surface- study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
| Describe the structure and function of serous membranes. | Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures; serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two, serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. |
| List the components of the hierarchy of structural organization from simplest to most complex: | atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organ |
| List the functional characteristics of humans or other complex life forms? | • Maintaining boundaries • Movement • Responsiveness • Digestion • Metabolism • Excretion • Reproduction |
| Describe the process of homeostatic imbalance? | It is considered the cause of most diseases. |
| The pancreas and liver work together to maintain homeostasis through: | negative feedback |
| The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. | medial |
| The upper arm is ________ to the forearm | proximal |
| The heart is ________ to the stomach. | superior |
| The fingers are ________ to the wrist. | distal |
| The stomach is ________ to the spine. | anterior |
| is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. | Physiology |
| Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain. | The lungs release a waste product, carbon dioxide, by exhalation. |
| The higher we go in the mountains the greater the atmospheric pressure which causes a loss of oxygen. Comment on this statement. | Lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. At high altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism |
| Why is anatomical terminology necessary? • | To prevent misunderstanding, anatomists use universally accepted terms to identify body structures precisely and with a minimum of words. |
| Describe the generation of a membrane potential? | A negative membrane potential is established when the movement of K+ out of the cell equals K+ movement into the cell; 1. K+ diffuse down their steep concentration gradient (out of the cell) via leakage channels; Loss of K+ results in a negative char |
| A red blood cell placed in pure water would: | in a hypertonic solution, the cells take in water by osmosis and become bloated and burst |
| The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is: | Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane |
| Describe the functions of the plasma membrane? | Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids; Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity; Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another |
| Fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells are | cillia |
| Describe the process of diffusion? What factors affect the rate of diffusion? | Molecules are constantly moving colliding and ricocheting off one another, changing direction with each hit.; Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to spread evenly; Molecule size and temperature |
| List and describe the different cell junctions | 1. Tight Junction- impermeable junction that encircles a cell• Desmosome- anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells 2. Gap Junction- a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
| If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? | It will shrivel up and shrink as its water exits the cell to try an equalize the solute outside |
| Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole describe what happens? | Lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material |
| Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to | changes in the environment. |
| Describe the function of microtubules | molecular transport through the membranes |
| List the functions of a plasma membrane protein. | 1. Acts as a mechanical barrier that traps needed molecules. 2. Helps determine the cell's composition by selectively permitting substances to pass. 3. Controls the entry/exit of nutrients/waste products. 4. Maintains differences in ion concentrations. |
| Describe the functions of RNA? | Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA plan a role in protein synthesis |
| The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a | centriole. |
| If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be: | UGCAA |
| Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Describe the structure and function of Mitochondria: | contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function |
| Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for what purposes? | secretory use (export) |
| How is cell resting membrane potential maintained | because extracellular levels are high |
| List the concepts of the cell theory? | cell is the base structural and functinoal unit of living organisms |
| Describe the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? | Cyclic AMP and calcium are second messengers |
| What is the endomembrane system? | An interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected |
| The functions of centrioles include | organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division |
| List the ways hormones may enter cells | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ___ mRNA codon. | UCG |
| The RNA that has an anticodon and attaches to a specific amino acid is ________ RNA. | transfer |
| Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________. | aquaporins |
| ________ is the division of the cytoplasm. | cytokinesis |
| The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called ________. | interphase |
| In order for the DNA molecule to get "short and fat" to become a chromosome, it must first wrap around small molecules called ________. | histones |
| ________ are hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins. | Microtubules |
| Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________. | mitochondria |
| Two very important second messengers used in the G protein-linked receptor mechanism are cyclic AMP and ________. | ionic calcium |
| The most common extracellular ion is ________. | sodium |
| The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________. | exocytosis |
| A red blood cell would swell if its surrounding solution were ________. | hypotonic |
| A ________ is a channel between cells. | connexon |
| Describe two important functions of the Golgi apparatus. | To modify, sort and package proteins |
| Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die? | Can't make proteins Can't replace enzymes or other cell structures which are continuously recycled Can't replicate |
| What forces maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential? | Both diffusion and active transport mechanisms operate within the cell membrane to maintain a resting membrane potential |
| Briefly describe the glycocalyx and its functions. | Sticky, carbohydrate-rich area on cell surface. Binds cells together Provides a highly specific biological marker by which cells can recognize each other |
| Explain the term genetic code. What does it code for? What are the letters of the code? | The genetic code is the information encoded in the nucleotide base sequence of DNA. A sequence of three bases, called a triplet, specifies amino acid in a protein. The letters of the code are the four nucleotide bases of DNA designated as A, T, C, and G. |
| Why are free radicals so dangerous to cells, and how are they dealt with by the body? | Highly reactive chemicals Cause havoc in any cellular environment by reacting with things they should not. Cells with peroxisomes have enzymes specific to reducing free radicals into less reactive chemicals. |
| In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pressures and explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell. | Hydrostatic pressure: pressure of water exerted on the cell membrane Osmotic pressure: created by different concentrations of molecules in a solution separated by the cell membrane Pressures are exerted on the membrane, Used by the cell to change the sh |
| What is the common route of entry for flu viruses into a cell? | Receptor-mediated exocytosis. Attaches to the receptors or to the substances Receptors accept to "hitch a ride" into the cell |
| Which organelles have their own DNA? | Mitochondria |
| How are the products of free ribosomes different from membrane-bound ribosomes? | Free ribosomes: Make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol. Membrane-bound ribosomes: Produce proteins that are to be used on the cell membrane or exported from the cell |
| How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes? | Peroxisomes: Oxidases that use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances. Neutralize free radicals. Divide by budding. Lysosomes: Hydrolytic enzymes that destroy anything they come in contact with. Manufactured by the Golgi apparatus. |
| Briefly name the subphases of interphase and tell what they do. | G1 - growth phase. The cell is metabolically active and the centriole begins to divide at the end of this phase S - DNA replicates itself. New histones are made and assembled into chromatin G2 - Enzymes and proteins are synthesized and centriole rep |
| List and describe the phases of mitosis. | G1 S G2 |
| What is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? | blood vessels |
| The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess: | Collagen fibers |
| The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate: | Osseous tissue |
| Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because: | Fibers are not normally visible |
| What is a basement membrane. | Epithelial tissue |
| Which organelles would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? | golgi bodies |
| Sweat glands exhibit a glandular type called: | |
| Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________. | compound alveolar |
| Simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by: | dense microvilli |
| A single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes is: | simple squamous |
| Describe the structure and function of connective tissue? | usually contains a large amount of matrix |
| Matrix is composed of | fibers and ground substance |
| List the cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue | chondrocytes |
| The tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is: | epithelial tissue |
| The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is: | collagen |
| Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n): | tissue |
| The shape of the external ear is maintained by: | elastic cartilage |
| Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? | simple columnar |
| Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as: | endocrine |
| Describe the structure and function of Chondroblasts: | within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix |
| ________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. | pseudostratified columnar |
| A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as: | stratified squamous |
| Describe an epithelial membrane: | contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane |
| Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified: | functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions |
| Describe the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? | Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process |
| List the different types of connective tissue? | cartilage adipose blood |
| What are glycosaminoglycans? | negatively charged polysaccharides |
| The first step in tissue repair involves: | inflammation |
| Describe the structure and function of multicellular exocrine glands. | The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing |
| The three main components of connective tissue are: | ground substance, fibers, and cells |
| Describe the structure and function of adipose tissue. | Its primary function is nutrient storage |
| ________ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells. | goblet cells |
| A large round cell with a peripheral nucleus describes a(n): | Adipocyte |
| What would be a substance you would expect to find expelled from a compound alveolar gland? | milk |
| Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. | embryonic |
| ________ tissue forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes. | areolar or loose connective |
| Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a ________. | lacuna |
| Cardiac muscle tissue is single nucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________. | branched |
| ________ muscle cells are multinucleated. | Skeletal |
| ________ live in the lacuna of cartilage. | Chondrocytes |
| The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________. | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium. | simple cuboidal |
| Multiple rows of epithelia in which the cells are about the same size from the basement membrane to the lumen would be ________ epithelia. | transitional |
| All epithelial tissue rests upon a ________. | basement membrane |
| The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland. | compound tubuloalveolar |
| Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells? | phagocytosis |
| List the events of tissue repair in proper order according to sequence of occurrence. The initial event should be the injury. | 1. The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. 4. Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. 3. Granulation tissue is formed 6. Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. 5. The scar retracts. .2. Epithel |
| Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight? | Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume. |
| Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why? | Tendons are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which consists of densely packed, parallel connective tissue fibers. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; consequently, repair is slow. Because of the structure |
| How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue? | In epithelial tissue the cells are packed together very tightly. Epithelial tissue is avascular. Epithelial tissue has three cell types that cover or line things and make tubes. Epithelial tissue has no fibers and it tends to be polar. Connective tissue h |
| What is a simple method of telling the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium? | Stratified squamous epithelium changes cell shape from the basement membrane to the surface. At the basement membrane the cells tend to be columnar or cuboidal and flatten out as they work their way to the surface. Transitional epithelium has cells that a |
| How is blood unique among connective tissues? | Blood does not give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, the fibers are soluble, it carries nutrients, waste products, and other substances and attaches to several gasses. |
| A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? | corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale |
| Describe the major regions of a hair shaft | medulla cortex cuticle |
| Acne is a disorder associated with: | sebaceous glands |
| Describe the dermis: | has two layers |
| Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps? | arrector pili |
| If a splinter penetrated the skin into the third epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged? | lucidum |
| Which cutaneous receptors are specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? | Meissner's corpuscles |
| Explain why hair appears the way it does and what causes variation in the appearance of hair (ie why is my hair grey and why is it sometimes wavy if I don’t blow dry?) | Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. |
| Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Describe the distribution and function of sudoriferous glands? | Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen |
| Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, describe its functions to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system | resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system |
| The function of the root hair plexus is to: | cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle |
| The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax. | ceruminous |
| Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of: | diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis. |
| The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that: | the major part of its amekup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber |
| The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreign agents primarily because it is composed of: | Four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a special function |
| Keratinocytes are the most important of the epidermal cells because: | produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties |
| Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize? | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage because the role of the keratinocytes is to: | accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer |
| The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which layer is responsible for cell division and replacement? | Stratum basale |
| The integumentary system is protected by our immune system through the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which cells serve this immune function? | Macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells |
| Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. What protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? | Lamellated granules the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces. |
| The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? | Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells |
| The dermis has two major layers; which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? | The reticular layer |
| Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? | The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermic. |
| The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superior surface has structures called: | dermal papillae |
| How do the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? | Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turns acts as a natural sunscreen. |
| Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Describe the changes which would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? | The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. |
| 1 | Langerhans cells are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and mucosa, and contain large granules called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most prominent in the stratum spinosum |
| Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. They are | eccrine and apocrine. |
| The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is: | 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C |
| Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem not to be useful in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? | In the axillary and anogenital area. |
| The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated by | hormones, especially androgens |
| In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Describe these functions | It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin d precursor important to calcium metabolism |
| Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How would a physician estimate the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient? | • Rule of nines |
| Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to: | male hormones |
| Cradle cap in infants is called | seborrhea |
| The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum is the stratum | granulosum |
| The ______ is a small muscle located in the dermis that causes goose bumps. | arrector pili |
| The only place you will find stratum _____ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet. | lucidum |
| In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions. | Neutralize carcinogens and convert tropical steroid hormones to a powerful anti-inflammatory drug. |
| How are burns classified? Give an example. | According to their severity or depth. |
| Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness. | its genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action gene |
| Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin. | due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on the surface of the skin |
| Name the layers of the epidermis in order from the surface down. | Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale |
| What are the functions of the papillary layer of the skin? | -Feed and oxygenate the epidermis. -Provide touch and pain receptors. -Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes |
| Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem? | Good because the sweat and evaporating of the sweat causes cooling of the body. Bad because excessive water and salt loss may occur. |
| Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands. | eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary |
| Why is skin not considered a heat barrier for the body? | The skin proper must retain flexibility to give up excess body heat, so it must not function as a heat barrier |
| What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces? | allow excessive fluid loss and infection |
| What are six of the functions of the epidermis? | 1. Protection against abrasion. 2. Protection from the sun's radiation. 3. First line of immune system defense. 4. Protection from water loss. 5. Protection from heat loss. 6. Covers the body; interfaces with the outside |
| What are vellus hairs? | Pale, fine body hair |
| The dermis is composed of the reticular and _____layers. | papillary |
| _________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis. | Second-degree |
| _______ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis. | Melanocytes |
| Transcytosis is: | moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell. |
| Calcium ions are stored (in the cell): | lysosomes |
| ______ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function. | Renal |
| ______ is a broad term that covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells. | Metabolism |
| What is the function of the serous membranes? | to protect organs from bones. |
| Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body. | Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body. |
| Gross anatomy refers to: | the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye. |
| ____ is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment. | homeostatis |
| ____ is a term that describes the back of the elbow. | orecranal |
| _____ is a term that describes the heel region. | calcaneal |
| The anatomical position is used: | as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body. |
| A horizontal section through the body is called: | transverse |
| One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to: | sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them. |
| Survival needs of the body include: | nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen. |
| The term pollex refers to the: | thumb |
| List the components of the dorsal cavity? | cranial cavity, spinal cord, vertebral cavity |
| Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains | a relatively stable internal environment, within limits. |
| The lungs are located in which cavities: | pleural, ventral, and thoracic |
| Describe the anatomical position | Body erect, Arms at side, Thumbs pointed laterally |
| A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be: | enhancement of labor contractions |
| A parasagittal plane is: | any sagittal plane except the median |
| Which organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? | Intestines |
| Your appendix would lie in which quadrant? | Right lower quadrant. |
| Your stomach would lie in which quadrant? | Right upper quadrant. |
| List and explain the functional characteristics of life? | Movement, responsiveness to external stimuli, maintenance of boundaires. |
| Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind? | dorsal |
| The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60 to 80% of body weight, is: | water |
| The posterior side of the patella would be called: | popliteal |
| An oblique cut is one that is cut | diagonally between the vertical and horizontal. |
| The heart lies in the _____ cavity. | pericardial |
| The cavities housing the eyes are called ____cavities. | orbital |
| ____ cavities are spaces between bones. | Synovial |
| A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be: | organ |
| An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be an example | excretion of metabolic waste. |
| Normal body temperature is _____ degrees centigrade. | 37 |
| If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis then the wall thermostat would be the: | control center. |
| The purpose of negative feedback is: | to main homeostasis |
| Histology could be defined as a study of | tissues. |
| The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is _____ anatomy. | gross |
| A vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, is called: | sagittal |
| A vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior, is called: | frontal |
| Which body cavity protects the nervous system? | dorsal |
| Which subdiscipline of` A & P describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? | Cardiovascular anatomy |
| Which body cavity contains the pleural and pericardial cavities? | thoracic |
| The dorsal body cavity is the site of the _____. | brain |
| The elbow is ____ to the wrist. | superior |
| _____ consist of similar cells that have a common function. | tissues |
| ______ system secretes hormones that regulate growth processes and nutrient usage by body cells. | The Endocrine |
| The ______cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear. | middle ear |
| The _____ cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum. | Pelvic |
| What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? | Catastrophic fluid loss. |
| Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because: | eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months |
| The white crescent portion of the nail is called the | lunula |
| The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called _____ hair. | terminal |
| There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other factors. | Stressors, drugs, burns, and radiation |
| The most important factors influencing hair growth are: | nutrition and hormones. |
| ____ peritoneum is the serous membrane that covers the intestines. | Visceral |
| The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is the: | Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| Describe Peroxisomes: | are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action |
| Describe the constituents of a plasma membrane? | Glycolipids, glycoproteins, phospholipids |
| What are subcellular structures? | Membranes, cytoplasm, organelles |
| Describe the constituents of a plasma membrane? | Glycolipids, glycoproteins, phospholipids |
| What is mitosis? | Produces nucleus replication |
| What are Lysosomes? | Contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell. |
| A gene can best be defined as | a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain. |
| A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of _____disease. | Addison’s |
| Fingernails are actually | a modification of the epidermis. |
| What is extracellular matrix? | The most abundant extracellular material. |
| Passive membrane transport processes include: | movement of substance down its concentration gradient |
| The spleen is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant? | left upper |
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