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Chem Chapt 2
Chemistry Chapter 2 - Note based
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anything that takes up space and has mass | Mass |
| Distinguishing characteristics of matter related to the physical relationships among the particles of matter | Properties |
| Physical properties are measured _________ _________ the composition of the matter | WITHOUT changing |
| Color, shape, density, odor, taste, conductivity, malleability, and ductility | Physical properties |
| Related to how matter changes in the presence of other matter and are measured by a change in composition when a new substance is formed from the old one | Chemical Properties |
| Examples of Chemical Properties | How easily something rusts, burns, rots, or decomposes |
| Most electrically conductive metal | Silver |
| Poor conductor of heat | wood |
| Physically changes can often be ______ | reversed |
| Solid to Liquid | Melting |
| Liquid to Solid | Freezing |
| Gas to Liquid | Condensing |
| Liquid to Gas | Vaporizing |
| Melting, freezing, condensing, and vaporizing are examples of | Physical Changes |
| Chemical changes change the _____ of the matter | identity |
| This kind of change cannot be reversed easily. | Chemical change |
| Consist of one type of matter | Pure Substances |
| Pure substances cannot be ____ into other kinds of matter by physical means | separated |
| Made of atoms and are represented by symbols - cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means | Elements |
| Two or more elements chemically bound together | Compounds |
| Can be separated by physical means into two or more pure substances | Mixtures |
| Show only one phase or appearance throughout | Homogeneous Mixture |
| Have distinct regions called phases | Heterogeneous Mixtures |
| The regions or layers within a heterogeneous mixture | phases |
| Sugar water, air, cola | Homogeneous |
| Granite, Italian dressing | Heterogeneous |
| An element whose atoms do not combine with other atoms | Monatomic elements |
| The monatomic elements: | Neon, Helium, Argon, Xenon, |
| An element whose atoms bond into two-atom units | Diatomic |
| The diatomic elements : | Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Florine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine |
| Elements whose atoms bond into multi-atom units | Polyatomic Elements |
| Element names are approved by... | IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |
| Made up of two or more different elements that have been chemically bonded together | Compounds |
| The smallest individual units in many compounds. Made up of the same element or two different elements | Molecules |
| Represent compounds and tell what type of element and how many atoms of each type of elements are in an individual unit of the compound | Formulas |
| The ability to do work and it is related to the force that matter generates and the resulting actions of that force | Energy |
| Possessed by objects that are moving or have the potential to move | Mechanical energy |
| Heat energy | Thermal energy |
| Particles move in a periodic way like waves | Sound/Acoustic Enegry |
| Movement of charged particles | Electrical Energy |
| Radiates from the sun | Radiant energy |
| From the wind | Wind Energy |
| From the sun | Electromagnetic Energy |
| From the nucleus of an atom | Nuclear Energy |
| Stored in chemical bonds | Chemical Energy |
| Release energy and feel hot to the touch (like hand warmers) | Exothermic reactions |
| Absorb energy and feel cold (ice pack) | Endothermic reactions |
| The study of the flow of energy, the movement and conversion of energy | Thermodynamics |
| Energy and matter can neither be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another | Law of Energy Conservation (AKA the First Law of Thermodynamics)(E=mc^2) |
| During energy transformations, some energy changes to an unusable form | Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| The measure of disorder or randomness in a system | Entropy |
| Entropy _____ over time | increases |
| Evenly spreading out particles over time through motion | Diffusion |
| Energy of motion | Kinetic Energy |
| Particles are in ______ motion | constant |
| Kinetic energy depends on _____ and _____ | mass and velocity |
| Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy = | Total Internal Energy |
| The average kinetic energy of a system's particles | Temperature |
| Thermal energy is the _____ of the kinetic energy of an object's particles | sum |
| Thermal energy ___ related to the number of particles since more particles mean more heat energy | IS |
| Temperature ____ related to the number of particles since it deals with how much the average is per particle | ISN'T |
| The transfer of thermal energy between two objects | heat transfer |
| The amount of heat transferred is determined by what two things? | The temperature difference and the mass of the hotter object |
| Unit for energy | Joule |
| The English unit for thermal energy | BTU (British Thermal Unit) |
| The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius | calorie |
| 1000 calories (used on food labels) | kilocalorie |
| Freezing point of water is 0 and the boiling point is 100 | Celsius Scale |
| Freezing point is 273 and boiling point is 373 - this includes the idea of absolute zero | Kelvin Scale |
| The point at which all molecular motion stops (has NOT been reached | Absolute zero |
| States that it is impossible to reach absolute zero | Third Law of Thermodynamics |
| Why are Kelvins never negative? | Nothing is colder than absolute zero; therefore, nothing is cold enough to absorb the energy in order to reach a negative number |
| Celsius and Kelvin scale have the ____ _______ between the degree points | same distance |
| All matter is made of microscopic particles that are in constant motion | Kinetic-Molecular Theory |
| If you add energy, the particles will ____ ___ | speed up |
| Atoms, molecules, and ions are attracted to each other by what? | Electrical forces |
| Have little energy - particles are in fixed positions - incompressible | Solids |
| Atoms resist being squeezed together more | Incompressible |
| More energy - ability to flow - near incompressible - do not have a fixed shape | Liquid |
| High Kinetic Energy - move to fill space through diffusion - no fixed position - highly compressible - particles flow | Gases |
| Formed when enough thermal energy is added to a gas, and the electrons of atoms are stripped away from the nucleus. | Plasma |
| Plasma consists of electrons, ions, and neutral atoms traveling at extremely ____ speeds. | high |
| Plasma can be found in... | the sun, thermonuclear fusion, neon signs, fluorescent lighting, and plasma screen TVs |
| Plasma is the most ______ state of matter | common |
| Sold to gas | Sublimation |
| Gas to solid | Deposition |
Created by:
DarkPeriwinkle
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