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Digestive System
Stack #130727
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many liters a day are secreted from the digestive system? | 7 liters |
| What is the capability of the GI tract to mix and move material towards anus? | Motility |
| What is the break down of food into smaller molecules? | Digestion |
| Where do products of digestion get absorped? | Epithelial cells lining GI tract |
| What is the inner lining of the GI tract? | Mucosa |
| Which layer of the GI tract serves a protective function? | Epithelium |
| The mucos contains a CT with blood and lymphatic vessels that provide the routes by which nutrients are absorbed into the GI tract called what? | Lamina Propria |
| What are muscle cells in the Mucosa that increase surface area? | Muscularis mucosa |
| What layer of the GI tract contains areolar CT, blood and lymphatic vessels, and neurons (plexus)? | Submucosa |
| What layer of the GI tract consists of skeletal and smooth muscle? | Muscularis externa |
| What does smooth muscle in the GI tract do? | Involuntary contractions that help break down food, mix it, and propel it |
| What layer of the GI tract secretes slippery, watery fluid that allows the tract to glide easily against other organs? | Serosa |
| What is the larges serous membrane of the body? | Peritoneum |
| What part of the peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity? | Peritoneum |
| What is the space containing serous fluid between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum? | Peritoneal cavity |
| What are bind organs to one another and contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply organs? | Folds in peritoneum |
| What is the largest fold with a lot of adipose tissue in the peritoneum? | Greater omentum |
| What covers anterior surface of organs that lie on the posterior abdominal wall (kidneys, pancreas) | Retroperitoneal |
| What division of the ANS innervates the GI tract? | Enteric division |
| What are enteric neurons that locally control the activity of the GI tract? | "Brain of the gut" |
| How many neurons are in the GI tract? | 100 million |
| What are the two types of enteric plexuses? | Myenteric and submucosal |
| Which plexus controls mostly motility? | Myenteric |
| What plexus detect stretch and control motility and secretions? | Submucosal |
| What division on CNS decreases GI secretion and motility by inhibiting the activity of enteric neurons? | Sympathetic |
| What division of CNS increases GI secretion and motility by increasing the activity of enteric neurons? | Parasympathetic |
| What assit in speech and keeping food between teeth? | Labia (lips) |
| What is the opening between the oral cavity and pharynx? | Fauces |
| What is located in the anterior portion of roof of mouth? | Hard palate |
| What is located in the posterior portion of roof of mouth? | Soft palate |
| What is the conical muscular process that hangs free from the soft palate? | Uvula |
| What is a watery solution that contains ions, buffers, antibodies, lysozyme, enzymes (salivary amylase, lingual lipase) and mucus? | Saliva |
| What dissolves food for gustation and assists in lubrication and bolus formation? | Saliva |
| What is an inflammation and enlargement of parotid glands that results in extreme pain in throat? | Mumps |
| What is the visible portion of a tooth above the level of the gums? | Crown |
| What are gingivae? | Gums |
| What part of the tooth is embedded in socket? | Root |
| What is the outer surface of the tooth? | Enamel |
| What is calcified CT that gives tooth shape and rigidity? | Dentin |
| What is a space enclosed by dentin? | Pulp cavity |
| What covers dentin? | Cementum |
| What anchors teeth to wall and absorbs shock during chewing? | Peridontal ligament |
| What is mechanical digestion (chewing)? | Mastication |
| What is the narrow extension of the pulp cavity? | Root canal |
| What is a gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin? | Dental Caries |
| What are masses of bacterial cells, dextran, and other debris adhering to teeth? | Plaque |
| What is the act of swallowing? | Deglutition |
| What stage of deglutition is when the bolus passes to oropharynx? | Voluntary |
| What stage of deglutition involves the involuntary passage of the bolus through pharynx and esophagus? | Pharyngeal stage |
| During what stage of deglutition do receptors signal medulla and pons? | Pharyngeal stage |
| What stage of deglutition features coordinated contractions and relaxations of the muscularis that push the bolus onward? | Esophageal stage |
| What is a collapsable muscular tube posterior to traches? | Esophagus |
| What is the opening in the diaphragm the esophagus passes through? | Esophageal hiatus |
| What condition is when the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm? | Hiatus hernia |
| What in the esophagus protects against wear and tear from food particles? | Epithelium |
| What regulates movement of food from pharynx into esophagus? | Upper esophageal sphincter |
| What regulats movement of food from esophagus into stomach? | Lower esophageal sphincter |
| What functions as a mixing chamber and holding reservoir? | Stomach |
| What surrounds superior opening of stomach? | Cardia |
| What is the round portion superior and left of cardia? | Fundus |
| What connects the stomach to duodenum? | Pylour |
| What part of the pylorus connects to the body of the stomach? | Pyloric antrum |
| What part of the pylorus leads to the duodnum? | Pyloric sphincter |
| What are large folds in the stomach? | Rugae |
| How many layers of muscularis does the stomach have? | 3 |
| What is a soupy liquid of gastric secretions and food? | Chyme |
| What is it called when mixing wave forces small amounts of chyme into duodenum through pyloric sphyncter? | Gastric emptying |
| How long does gastric emptying take after a meal? | 2-4 hours |
| What diesase is when stomach contents back up into esophagus? | Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| What is an ulcer that develops in areas of GI tract exposed to acidic gastric juice? | Peptic ulcer |
| What is the most frequent case of peptic ulcers? | Helicobacter pylori |
| What medicines should be avoided if you have a peptic ulcer? | NSAIDS |
| What blocks H+ production to help with ulcers? | Tagamet |
| What inhibits H+ pumps to help with ulcers? | Prilosec |
| What allows passage of pancreatic juice from pancreas and empties above the hepatopancreatic ampulla? | Accessory duct |
| What allows for passage of pancreatic juice from pancreas into hepatopancreatic ampulla? | Pancreatic duct |
| What is the common duct of pancreatic duct and common bile duct? | Hepatopancreatic ampulla |
| What is smooth muscle that regulates the passage of pancreatic juice and bile through hepatopancreatic ampulla into the intestine? | Sphincter of Oddi |
| What are clusters of glandular epithelial cells that make up 99% of the exocrine portion of the pancreas? | Acini |
| What secrete pancreatic juice? | Cells of acini |
| What make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas? | Pancreatic islets |
| What secrete hormones, glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic peptide? | Pancreatic islets |
| What is an inflammation of the pancrease caused by alcohol abuse or gallstones? | Pancreatitis |
| In pancreatitis, what do pancreatic cells release, causing the digestion of pancreatic cells? | They release trypsin instead of trypsinogen or they release insufficient amounts of trypsin inhibitor |
| Which is the larger lobe of the liver? | Right lobe |
| What divides the liver into R and L lobes? | Falciform ligament |
| What are the functional units of liver? | Lobules |
| What are specialized epithelial cells that radiate out from the central vein of liver lobules? | Hepatocytes |
| Where does the central vein of lobules lead? | To hepatic vein or inferior vena cava |
| What are highly-permeable spaces through which blood passes in lobules? | Sinusoids |
| What make up the portal triad? | Hepatic arter, hepatic portal vein, bile duct |
| The liver receives oxygenated blood from what? | Hepatic artery |
| The liver receives deoxygenated blood from the GI tract containing nutrients, drugs, and possibly microbes and toxins from what? | Hepatic portal vein |
| What is producted in liver and secreted by hepatocytes? | Bile |
| How much bile is secreted per day? | .5-1L/day |
| What does water, bile salts, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, bile pigments, and ions make up? | Bile |
| What is the pH of bile? | 7.6-8.6 |
| What play a role in emulsification and aid in the reabsorption of lipids following digestion? | Bile salts |
| What stores and concentrates bile between meals? | Gallbladder |
| If there are insufficient bile salts or excessive cholesterol, cholesterol may crystallize, forming what? | gallstones |
| If blood glucose is low, what happens in the liver? | Glycogen is converted to glucose and released into blood stream |
| If blood glucose is high, what happens in the liver? | Glucose is converted to glycogen and triglycerides and gets stored |
| What is the production of glucose? | Gluconeogenesis |
| What store triglycerides in the liver? | Hepatocytes |
| What liver function converts ammonia to urea and produces plasma proteins for clotting? | Protein metabolism |
| What does the liver store? | Glycogen, vitamins, minerals |
| What cells in the liver phagocytize aged RBC, WBC, and bacteria? | Reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cells |
| The liver plays a role in activation of what vitamin? | vitamin D |
| What is an excess production of bilirubin? | Jaundice |
| Liver disease and blockage of a bile duct cause what? | Jaundice |
| What is an inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infection? | Hepatitis |
| What virus is spread by fecal-oral contamination? | HepA |
| What virus is passed through blood and body fluids and can lead to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis? | HepB |
| What Hep virus is there a vaccine available to prevent infection? | HepB |
| What hep is a major health concern? | HepC |
| What hep virus requires HepB? | HepD |
| What hep virus is deadly to pregnant women? | HepE |
| What is the replacement of lobules by fibrous tissue in the liver? | Cirrhosis |
| Where does most digestion and absorption occur? | Small intestine |
| What increase surface area in the small intestine? | Circular folds, microvilli, villi |
| What is the shortest region of the SI that starts at the pyloric sphincter of stomach and merges with jejunum? | Duodenum |
| What part of the SI extends to the ileum and is empty at death? | Jejunum |
| What is the longest region of the SI that joins the large intestine? | Ileum |
| What is the location where ileum joins the large intestine? | Ileocecal sphincter |
| What are folds of mucosa and submucosa that enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing chyme to spiral instead of moving in a straight line? | Circular folds |
| What are fingerlike projections that increase surface area of epithelium in the small intestine? | Villi |
| What has a core of lamina propria that consists of arteriole, venule, capillaries, and lacteal in the small intestine? | Villi |
| What are tiny projections of free membranes of absorptive cells that make up a brush border in the small intestine? | Microvilli |
| What is the pH of intestinal juice? | 7.6 |
| How much intestinal juice is secreted per day? | 1-2L |
| Combined with pancreatic juice, what provides a liquid medium that aids absorption of substances from chyme as they come in contact with microvilli? | Intestinal juice |
| What are inserted in the plasma membrane of microvilli to aid in absorption and digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides? | Brush-border enzymes |
| What plexus governs mechanical digestion? | Myenteric plexus |
| In mechanical digestion, what are localized, mixing contractions that mix chyme with digestive juices and bring particles of food into contact with the mucosa for absorption? | Segmentation |
| What occurs following segmentation and absorption, pushing chyme forward down the small intestine? | Peristalsis |
| How long does chyme remain in the small intestine? | 3-5 hours |
| What converts starch to disaccharides and short-chain glucose in the mouth? | Salivary amylase |
| What inactivates salivary amylase? | High pH of stomach acid |
| What does pancreatic amylase break down? | Starch and glycogen |
| What brush-border enzyme removes one glucose at a time? | alpha Dextrinase |
| Where do sucrase, lactase, and maltase act? | Small intestine |
| What is the final product of carbohydrate digestion? | Monosaccharides |
| When does chemical digestion carbohydrates officially end? | Small intestine |
| What may break down residual carbohydrates? | Bacteria in colon |
| What denatures proteins? | Low pH |
| What breaks down proteins into peptides? | Pepsin (released as pepsinogen) in stomach |
| What inactivates pepsin? | High pH of duodenum |
| What contains trypsin, chymotrypsin, and caboxypeptidase? | Pancreatic juice |
| What are released in inactive forms that cleave proteins at specific amino acids? | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase |
| What break into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides which are then absorbed? | Peptidases in brush border |
| What in pancreatic juice digests RNA? | Ribonuclease |
| What in pancreatic juice digests DNA? | Deoxyribonuclease |
| Where does most lipid digestion occur? | Small intestine |
| What is the most abundant lipid? | Triglyceride |
| What split triglycerides? | Lipases |
| What activates lingual lipase in saliva? | Stomach acid |
| What pH does gastric lipase operate best at? | pH 5-6 |
| What is the most important enzyme in fat digestion? | Pancreatic lipase |
| What contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that allows them to break apart large lipid globules? | Amphipathic bile salts |
| What accounts for 90% of absorption? | Small intestine |
| What enter the blood stream and get converted to glucose in liver? | Carbohydrates |
| Most proteins are absorbed as what? | Amino acids via active transport |
| How are short-chain fatty acids absorbed? | Simple diffusion into blood stream |
| What transport long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides? | Micelles |
| What increase solubility of fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol to aid in absorption? | Micelles |
| AFter micelles move to brush border, what happens to long-chain fatty acids? | Diffuse into cells |
| When triglycerides are in cells and get coated in protein, what are they called? | Chylomicrons |
| After chylomicrons leave the epithelial cell via exocytosis, where do they enter? | lacteals to blood |
| How is water absorbed in the small intestine? | By osmosis following electrolytes and nutrients |
| What are the functions of the large intestines? | Absorb water and vitamins, form and expel feces |
| What are the three methods of mechanical digestion in the large intestine? | Haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis |
| In what process does the haustra remain relaxed and becomes distended while it fills up, then walls contract and squeeze the contents onward? | Haustral churning |
| What ferment carbohydrates and release gases and vitamin K and B in the large intestine? | Bacteria |
| What is a spastic colon that results in bloating, flatulencem, and nausea and can be caused by stress or smoking? | Irritable bowel syndrome |
| What is an autoimmune inflammation of the GI tract? | Inflammatory bowel disease |
| What is an inflammation of any area of the GI tract and in all layers of the GI wall? | Chron's disease |
| What is an inflammation of the mucosa of the colon? | Ulcerative colitis |
| What phase of digestion is characterized by the smell, sight, or thought of food and causes a reaction from salivary and gastric glands? | Cephalic phase |
| What phase of digestion begins once food reaches the stomach? | Gastric phase |
| What send impulses to nervous system in neural regulation of gastric phase? | stretch and chemoreceptors (pH) |
| In the gastric phase of digestion, what is released from G cells in response to pH levels or distension of stomach? | Gastrin |
| In neural regulation during the intestinal phase, what decreases gastric emptying? | Increased contraction of the pyloric sphincter |
| What hormones regulate the intestinal phase of digestion? | Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Secretin |
| What is secreted in response to chyme with amino acids and fatty acids that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and causes contraction of gallbladder? | CCK |
| What hormone induces satiety in the intestinal phase of digestion? | CCK |
| What hormone is secreted in the intestinal phase of digestion in response to acidic chyme that causes the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice while inhibiting the secretion of gastric juice? | Secretin |
Created by:
jgold37