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XR Production/I-As

Production of x-rays, Interactions with Matter

QuestionAnswer
Define projectile electron. Electrons emitted by the filament and directed to the target.
Define binding energy. Energy that attracts electrons to the nucleus of an atom.
Define X-ray quantity. X-ray intensity, measured in milliroentgens.
Define emission spectrum. Measure of x-ray energy of all x-rays.
What 4 conditions are required for the production of x-rays in a hot cathode tube? FOCUSING and SEPARATION of electrons; PRODUCTION and STOPPING of high-speed electrons
Bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes about ___% of x-rays when 80 - 100 kv is applied to the tube. 90
Characteristic radiation is about ___% when 80 - 100 kv is applied to the tube. 10
The useful energy range in conventional radiography is about __ to __ kVp. 25 to 120
X-rays travel at about ____ or 186,000 m/s in a vacuum. 3 x 10 to the eighth
Define roentgen. Amount of charge released per unit mass of air.
Define mA. Milliamperage or tube current.
Define x-ray quality. The ability of an x-ray beam to penetrate matter.
Under what circumstances does Bremsstrahlung radiation occur? When the incident electron interacts with the FORCEFIELD of the NUCLEUS.
Define photon. Quantum of electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime.
Approximately __% of projectile electron kinetic energy is used for the production of x-radiation. 1%
Approximately __% of the kinetic energy of projectile electrons is converted to heat. 99%
Except for K x-rays, all characteristic x-rays have ____ _____ energy Very Low
What 4 factors can alter the output of an x-ray beam? Distance, Filtration, Tube Current and Potential
What are the other names for Coherent scattering? Classical, Rayleigh, Unmodified, Thomson, Elastic
Coherent scattering occurs at what energy level? Below approximately 10 keV
Most coherent x-rays are scattered in which direction? Forward direction
Which interactions do not occur in diagnostic radiology? Photodisintegration and pair production
Which interaction is of little interest to diagnostic radiography? Coherent scattering
Which interactions are of particular importance to diagnostic radiology? Compton and Photoelectric effect
Low-energy x-rays tend to interact with? Whole atoms
Moderate-energy x-rays tend to interact with? Electrons
High-energy x-rays tend to interact with? Nuclei
Which interaction causes the most serious radiation hazard in radiography? Compton interaction
Compton interaction x-rays are deflected how? In any direction, including 180 degrees from the incident x-ray.
With which interaction is the x-ray totally absorbed? Photoelectric effect
What is attenuation? The product of absorption and scattering.
Mostly all of kinetic energy of incident electrons is converted to what? Heat
The transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells gives rise to what? Characteristic radiation
At the end of a characteristic cascade, which shell will miss an electron? Outermost
The main difference between an x-ray and a gamma ray is what? Origin
The energy of a Brems photon can be described as? The difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron
T/F: Characteristic radiation cannot be produced at tube potentials less than 70 keV. True
T/F: X-rays have the shortest wavelength among electromagnetic waves. True
T/F: Negatively charged is a property of x-rays. False
What type of wavelength describes the diagnostic x-ray beam? Heterogeneous
T/F: The creation of a characteristic photon in the diagnostic range is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection. True
T/F: The creation of a characteristic photon is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection. True
T/F: In the diagnostic range, the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is high enough to eject an outer-shell electron causing ionization. True
T/F: The electron ejected during a characteristic interaction is aka an x-ray photon. True
During characteristic interaction, the energy of the incident electron must be ____ the electron it knocks from its orbit. Greater than that of
As the WAVELENGTH of an x-ray DECREASES, what happens to its FREQUENCY? INCREASES
The FREQUENCY of a WAVELENGTH can be defined as the? Number of CYCLES per second
Which interaction has the greatest effect on radiographic contrast? Photoelectric effect
What determines the wavelength of an x-ray? Kilovoltage
X-rays that are produced in the radiographic tube are called? Primary radiation
In the normal diagnostic range, which interaction occurs most often? Photoelectric effect
What term is used to describe the x-ray beam's reduction in intensity as it tranverses an object? Attenuation
The angstrom unit is used to measure what? Wavelength
What type of radiation is produced after a Compton interaction? Characteristic
What are other names for Compton? Incoherent, Inelastic, Modified Scattering
X-ray and gamma rays have this in common. Speed
The principal difference between an x-ray photon and a gamma ray is their ____. Origin
The transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells give rise to ___. Characteristic radiation
___ rays have the shortest wavelength of electromagnet radiations. X-rays
The energy of a bremsstrahlung photon is: The difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron
The quality of an x-ray beam refers to what? Energy of x-rays
The energy of a characteristic photon is: The difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.
Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with: The force field of the nucleus
Bremsstrahlung photons possess energy that is exactly the _____________________. Difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron.
Characteristic interactions may occur only when ______________________________. The incident electron interacts with an inner-shell electron.
Characteristic photons possess energy that is exactly ____________________________. The difference between the binding energy of the outer/inner shells between which the electron dropped.
The __________ of an x-ray beam refers to its penetrating ability. Quality
The energy of characteristic and gamma x-rays is ______________. Monoenergetic
When the atomic number of an element goes up, _______ energy will be required to remove a K-shell electron from the atom. More
The further an electron is from the nucleus, the _______ the total energy of the electron will be. Higher
With each successive electron shell, total electron energies ________ and binding energies __________. Increase, decrease
Characteristic photons are also known as ______________ radiation. Secondary
In photoelectric interaction, the incident x-ray photon energy must be ___________ than the binding energy of the inner-shell electron. Greater
A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur when the x-ray photon energy and the electron binding energy are _________________. Nearer to one another.
A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur with an electron which is ______________. more tightly bound in its orbit.
What is Coherent scatter? Interaction occurring between very low energy x-ray photons and matter.
What are the two types of coherent scatter? Thomson and Rayleigh
What is the difference between the two types of coherent scatter? Thomson involves 1 electron in the interaction; Rayleigh involves all of the atom's electrons in the interaction.
In coherent scattering, a scattered photon possessing ________ energy, frequency and wavelength as the initial photon but which is traveling in a different direction. Same
When does Compton scattering occur? When an incident x-ray photon interacts with a loosely bound outer-shell electron, removes the electron from its shell, then goes in a different direction.
The dislodged electron is called a _________ or _________ electron. Compton, recoil
The photon which exits the atom in a different direction is called a _________________ photon. Compton scattered
As kVp increase, the total number of photons which are transmitted without interaction _________. Increases
The percentage of photoelectric interaction __________ with increased kVP and the percentage of Compton interactions __________ with increased kVp. Decreases, increases
Created by: rad1958tech
 

 



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