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Speech Science CH 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A speech breathing disorder may present as a problem of ___, ___ , ___ or any combination of these | breathing movement, gas exchange, breathing comfort |
| Where is the breathing aparatus located? | in the torso |
| What forms the superstructure of the torso? | a skeleton of bone and cartilage |
| How many vertabrae make up the vertebral column or backbone? | 34 |
| The top ___ of the 34 vertebrae are termed ___ | 7, cervical |
| the next lower __ are called __ | 12, thoracic (chest) |
| next 3 lower groups of ___ are called __ __ and ___ | lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
| Collectively, the lowest 3 groups of 5 vertebrae make up the ___ | abdominal |
| The ___ comprise most of the upper skeletal superstructure | ribs |
| The ribs are ___ flat, arch shaped bones on each side of the body | 12 |
| The ribs slope ___ from __ to __ along the sides of the torso and giving roundess to the superstructure | downward, back to front |
| What gives the roundness of the superstructure? | The ribs |
| The ribs attach to the ___ by ___ cartilage | sternum by costal cartilage |
| What is another name for the sternum? | breast bone |
| The __ serves as a front centerpost for the rib cage | sternum |
| Describe the rib cage | 1. upper pairs attached to sternum by OWN costal cartilages 2. lower pairs that share cartilages 3. lowest pairs that float without attaching |
| What is another name for the pectoral girlde? | shoulder girdle |
| Where is the pectoral girdle? | the top of the rib cage |
| The fron of the pectoral girdle is formed by two ___ | clavicles |
| What are clavicles? | collar bones |
| At the back, the clavicles attach to two triangle shaped plates called the ___ | scapulae |
| What is another name for the scapulae? | shoulder blades |
| The ___ cover most of the upper back portion of the rib cage | scapulae |
| Two large irregularly shaped __ bones are located in the lower skeletal superstructure | coxal |
| What makes up the pelvic girdle? | coxal bones, sacral and coccygeal vertabrae |
| The pelvic girdle comprises the __, lower __ and __ of the lower skeletal superstructure | base, lower back, sides of the lower skeletal superstructure |
| The __ houses the breathing apparatus | torso |
| The torso consists of __ and __ cavities | upper and lower |
| The upper cavity of the torso is the ___ | thorax (or chest) |
| The upper cavity (thorax) is filled almost totally with the ___ and ___ | heart and lungs |
| The lower cavity of the torso is the __ | abdomen |
| What does the lower cavity (abdomen) contain? | much of the digestive system and other organs and glands |
| What are the two major subdivisions of the breathing apparatus? | Chest wall & pulmonary apparatus |
| The ____ ___ is surrounded by the chest wall | pulmonary apparatus |
| The pulmonary appparatus is surrounded by the __ __ | chest wall |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | the alveoli (pulmonary apparatus) |
| Air is __ and ___ in the __ __ | held & conducted in the chest wall |
| What 2 divisions is the chest wall split into? | the pulmonary airways and the lungs |
| What are pulmonary airways? | they move air in and out of the lungs |
| The trachea splits off into the _____ | main stem bronchi |
| The main stem bronchi is comprised of what? | a tube on the right and a tube on the left going into the lungs (lobar bronchi) |
| How many tubes are there from the right and left lobes? | 3 lobes on the right side and 2 lobes on the left |
| So how many lobes make up the lobar bronchi? | 5 lobes |
| What happens each time splitting off occurs? | the structures become smaller and less firm |
| The lobar bronchi split into the ___ | segmental bronchi |
| The segmental bronchi split into the __ | subsegmental bronchi |
| The subsegmental bronchi split into the ___ | small bronchi |
| the small bronchi split into the ___ | terminal bronchi |
| The terminal bronchi split into the ___ | respiratory bronchioles |
| What comes after the respiratory bronchioles? | alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli |
| What are the lungs responsible for? | the inhalation and exhalation of air (breathing) |
| The lungs are surrounded by ___ membranes | 2 |
| The lungs are surrounded by 2 ___ | membranes |
| What are the 2 membranes called? | visceral pleura and parietal pleura |
| What does the visceral pleura cover? | the outer surface of the lungs |
| What does the parietal pleura cover? | inner surface of the chest wall where it comes in contact with the lungs |
| The lungs are __ and __ | porous and spongy |
| Together the parietal and visceral pleura created a double walled sac that encases the lungs. Both walls of the sac are covered with ___ | liquid |
| What does this liquid allow them to do? | lubricates them so they can move easily upon one another |
| The lungs and chest wall move as a ___ | unit |
| Explain how pleural linkage and how a resting state is achieved between the pulmonary apparatus and the chest wall | * |
| The __ __ encases the pulmonary apparatus | chest wall |
| What are the 4 parts of the chest wall? | 1. rib cage wall 2. diaphragm 3. abdominal wall 4. abdominal content |
| The rib cage wall surrounds the __ | lungs |
| The ___ forms the convex floor of the thorax and the concave roof of the abdoment | diaphragm |
| What does the diaphragm form? | the floor of the thorax and the top of the abdomen |
| What is the abdominal content? | everything within the abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, etc) |
| The pulmonary apparatus (pulmonary air way and lungs) and chest wall form a single functional unit from ____ | linkage effected by the pleural membranes |
| Are the resting positions of the pulmonary apparatus & chest wall in the intact until the same as when they are separated? | NO |
| What is the resting position of the pulmonary apparatus AWAY from the chest wall? | A collapsed state in which it contains little air |
| What is the resting position of the chest wall without the pulmonary apparatus? | a more expanded state |
| When the chest wall and pulmonary apparatus are held together by pleural linkage, what is the resting position? | the pulmonary apparatus is somewhat expanded and the chest wall is somewhat compressed |
| The resting position of the linked pulmonary apparatus -chest wall unit involves a ___ state | balanced state |
| How is the resting position balanced? | the force of the pulmonary apparatus to collapse is opposed by an equal and opposite force of the chest wall to expand |
| What does passive force of breathing come from? | 1. natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, & lung tissue 2. surface tension of alveoli 3. pull of gravity |
| Whether inspiration or expiration occurs and to what magnitude depends on what? | the amount of air in the breathing apparatus |
| What happens when the apparatus contains more air than it does at it's resting level? | it recoils toward a smaller size (expirates) |
| The more air in the apparatus, the ___ the recoil force | greater |
| What happens with the breathing apparatus contains less air than it does at it's resting level? | Inhalation occurs (it becomes a larger size) |
| What does the active force of breathing come from? | actions of muscles of the chest wall |
| Whether you inhale or exhale and to what magnitude depends on what for active forces? | which muscles are active and in what patterns (also depends on amount of air in breathing apparatus) |
| Do passive and active forces of breathing both rely on the amount of air in the breathin apparatus? | YES |
| The more air in the apparatus, the ___ the active force that can be generated to expire | greater |
| The less air in the apparatus, the __ greater the active force that can be generated to inspire | greater |
| What are the 4 major muscles for breathing? | 1. diaphragm 2. external intercostals 3. abdominal muscles 4. internal intercostals |
| What are the 2 major muscles for inspiration? | diaphragm & external intercostals |
| What are the 2 major muscles for expiration? | abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
| What are the MINOR inspiratory muscles? | scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, scalenus posterior, sternocleidomastoid, serratus posterior superior, latissimus dorsi, levatores lostarum, pec major, pec minor, serratus anterior, subclavius |
| Which MINOR inspiratory muscles are in the neck? | scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, scalenus interior, sternocleidomastoid |
| Which MINOR inspiratory muscles are in the back? | serratus posterior superior, lattismus dorsi, levatores lostarum |
| Which MINOR inspiratory muscles are in the front? | pectoralis minor, pectoralis major,serratus anterior, subclavius |
| What are the MINOR expiratory muscles? | serratus posterior inferior, subcostals, quadratus lumborum, latissimus dorsi, thrasverse throacis |
| What are the MINOR expiratory of the rib cage internal? | serratus posterior inferior, subcostals, quadratus lomborum |
| What are the MINOR expiratory muscles of the rib cage external | latissimus dorsi and transverse thoracis |
| WHat are the most important types of pressure? | alveolar, pleural, abdominal, and transdiaphragmatic |
| What is alveolar pressure? | pressure inside of the lungs |
| what is pleural pressure? | pressure inside the thorax but outside the lungs |
| Is pleural pressure in the lungs? | NO |
| what is abdominal pressure? | pressure in the abdominal cavity? |
| What is transdiaphragmatic pressure? | difference in pressure across the diaphragm (difference bteween pleural and abdominal pressure) |
| Where do the movements of breathing occur? | rib cage wall, diaphragm, and abdominal wall |
| What are the 2 forms of rib movements? | 1. upward and forward or downward and outward (front to back diameter) 2. upward and outward or downward and inward (side to side diameter) |
| These two rib movements occur __ | together |
| Describe the movement of the diaphragm | it can become flattened or more highly domed |
| What two movements can change the configuration of the abdominal wall? | moving the wall inward and outward |
| Explain the rib cage wall movement influence | Because it contacts most of the surface of the lungs, its movement has a major impact on alveolar pressure and movement of air |
| The abdominal wall and diaphragm must go through a much greater excursion than the rib cage wall to effect the same __ __ __ | aleveolar pressure change |
| Is it possible for one part of the breathing apparatus to cause adjustments in other parts of the breathing apparatus? | yes |
| What is the volume inside of the breathing apparatus known as? | lung volume |
| Volume is displayed on a ___, obtained from a ___ | spirogram; spirometer |
| What are the 4 lung volumes? | 1. tidal volume 2. inspiratory reserve volume 3. expiratory reserve volume 4. residual volume |
| What is tidal volume? | Volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle |
| What is inspiratory reserve? | the max volume of air that can be inspired from the tidal end-inspiratory cycle |
| What is expiratory reserve? | the max volume of air that can be expired from the tidal end-expiratory cycle |
| What is the residual volume? | the volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the end of a maximum respiration |
| Can the residual volume be measured directly? | no |
| Why not? | because the pulmonary apparatus cannot be emptied voluntarily |
| What are the 4 lung capacities? | 1. inspiratory capacity 2. vital capacity 3. functional residual capacity 4. total lung capacity |
| What is inspiratory capacity? | maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the tidal end expiratory level (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume) |
| What is vital capacity? | the maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration (inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume) |
| What is functional residual capacity? | the volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the resting tidal end expiratory level (expiratory reserve volume and residual volume) |
| What is total lung capacity? | volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the end of a max inspiration (inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, tidal volume, residul volume) |
| What is pressure? | force distributed over a surface (force/area) |
| Look at picture on pg 31 | * |
| 0 on breathing pressure diagrams actually represents ___ | atmospheric pressure |
| What is relaxation pressure? | pressure produced entirely by the passive force of the breathing apparatus |
| Relaxation pressure varies with __ __ | lung volume |
| Is the relaxation pressure positive or negative at lung volumes larger than resting level? | positive |
| Is the relaxation pressure positive or negative at lung volumes less than resting level? | negative |
| When is the greatest positive relaxation pressure generated? | at the largest lung volume |
| When is the greatest negative relaxation pressure generated? | at the smallest lung volume |
| To get away from the relaxation pressure curve, __ __ is required | muscular effort |
| What is boyle's law? | Describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume. As volume increases, pressure decreases. As volume decreases, pressure increases. |
| what is the line to the right of the relaxation pressure curve? | maximum expiration (greater at larger volumes and smaller at smaller volumes) |
| what is the line to the left of the relaxation curve? | maximum inhalation (greater at smaller lung volumes than at larger lung volumes) |
| What is the shape of interest for this? | the shape of the chest wall |
| breathing movements are controlled by ___ system | the nervous |
| What are the 2 parts of the nervous system? | central & peripheral |
| The ___ nervous system connects the central nervous system with different parts of the __ __ | central; breathing apparatus |
| How does the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system with different parts of the breathing apparatus? | Cranial and spinal nerves |
| Which cranial nerves are participants in control of breathing (4) | IX, X, XII, XI |
| What is cranial nerve IX? | glossopharyngeal |
| What is cranial nerve X? | vagus |
| What is cranial nerve XI? | accessory |
| What is cranial nerve XII? | hypoglossal |
| What do nerves IX, X, and XII do? | innervate muscles that dialate the larynx and upper airway during inspiraation |
| What does nerve XI? | innervate sternocleidomastoid that elevates sternum, clavicle, and rib cage |
| How many spinal nerves contribute to the control of breathing? | 22 |
| Which spinal nerves? | 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 2 lumbar |
| The control of tidal breathing is vested in the ___ | brainstem (especially medulla) |
| What are the primary tasks for the lower brain center? | generate a rhythmic pattern of breathing and to regulate gas levels (o2 and co2) in artieral blood |
| The lower brain center can run breathing on its own automatically without help from higher brain center and is often called ___ | the central pattern generator for breathing |
| Signals from the ___ travel via ___ ___ to reach the ___ of the __ __ | brainstem, peripheral nerves, muscles, chest wall |
| The most important afferent info comes from __ and ___ | chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors |
| What are special acts of breathing? | acts of breathing that are not affected for the primary purpose of maintaining homesostatis of arterial blood gasses |
| What type of breathing is engaged in most of the time? | tidal breathing |
| What is tidal breathing driven by? | the need to move air in and out of the pulmonary apparatus for the purpose of gas exchange (add O2, take out CO2) |
| What is the series of events for resting tidal breathing? | 1. we breathe in and the chest wall expands 2. meaning lungs expand and alveolar pressure drops 3. drop in pressure makes air rush in 4. when pressure is equal on the inside of the pulmonary apparatus vs. the outside, inspiration stops and expiration.. |
| continue | begins 5. the lungs are compressing so the pressure is building 6. because of the increase in pressure, air flows out 7. flows out until reaches equilibrium again then cycle starts over |
| Reread pg 42 for resting tidal breathing | * |
| Is resting tidal breathing driven only passive? | no its driven by a combination of passive and active (active during inspiration and passive during expiration) |
| With resting tidal breathing, during inspiration where does most of the active force come from? | the diaphragm |
| Explain active forces during resting tidal breathing | Take a breath in, diaphragm contracts which stiffens the rib cage wall (through muscle activity) and ab wall moves inward.When ab wall moves inward it lifts rib cage and moves diaphragm up |
| During expiration ___ __ of the breathing apparatus mvoes the rib cage and abdominal wall inward. So expiration mostly ___. Nevertheless, the __ wall muscles remain active through resting tidal breathing cycle | relaxation pressure, passive, abdominal wall, |
| The breathing apparatus provides the ___ ___ that enable the ___ of ___ | driving forces, generation, speech |
| What do actions of the breathing apparatus during speech production contribute to? | control of loudness (intensity), voice frequency (pitch), linguistic stress (emphasis), and segmentation of speech into syllables, words, phrases |
| There are 2 types of speech breathing. What are they? | extended steady utterances & running speech |
| What is an extended steady utterance? | produced through most of the vital capacity. Begins after taking deepest inspiration possible & continues until air supply is depleted |
| What are examples of extended steady utterances? | sustained vowel,series of repeated syllables of equal stress, sung note |
| With an extended steady utterance, what happens to lung volume throughout the utterance? | it decreases at a steady rate |
| What happens to alveolar pressure during extended steady utterance? | it rises abruptly, remains steady throughout utterance, and falls abruptly as utterance ends |
| What happens to rib cage wall and abdominal wall volume during extended steady utterance? | decrease at constant and similar speed |
| So explain activity during extended steady utterance | 1. Lung volume decreases at constant rate 2. alv pressure increases, remains steady during utterance, then decreases 3. ab & rib wall volume decreases 4. relaxation pressure and muscular pressure also conribute |
| ESU: At higher lung volumes @ beginning of utterance (which would mean positive pressure & expiration)there has to be a ____ muscular pressure to counteract | negative muscular pressure |
| ESU: at smaller lung volumes @ end of utterance, what type of pressure is required | positive muscular pressure |
| ESU: for loud speech, ___ __ muscular pressures are required at large lung volumes and __ __ muscular pressures are required at smmall | less negative; more positive |
| ESU: for soft speech, __ __ muscular pressures are required at large lung volume and __ __ muscular pressures are required at small | more negative; less negative |
| What part of the chest wall is active at the beginning of the ESU? | diaphragm, inspiratory rib cage wall component, abdominal wall component |
| ESU: What generates the negative pressure required to counteract the positive relxation pressure in the large lung volume range? | diaphragm & inspiratory rib cage wall component |
| However, the ___ shuts off quickly and then what takes the role of "braking" against the high expiratory relaxation pressure? | the inspiratory rib cage wall component |
| At the instant that the inspiratory rib cage wall component shuts off, what happens? | the expiratory rib cage wall component becomes active and remains active until the end of the utterance |
| ESU is produced by a combination of what 2 things? | 1. continuously changing como of relaxation pressure and muscular pressure 2. continously changing activation of different chest wall components |
| ESU: which muscles do mostly all the work at high lung volume? | inspiratory rib cage muscles |
| ESU: which muscles do mostly all the work at small lung volume? | expiratory rib cage muscles and abdominal wall muscles |
| ESU: when are abdominal muscles active? | during entire utterance |
| So summarize active muscles during utterance | 1. mostly inspiratory rib at high lung volume 2. mostly expiratory rib & ab at low volume 3. ab muscles active during entire utterance |
| What muscles do braking action? | inspiratory muscles of the rib cage wall |
| Why do the abdominal muscles remain active? | they enhance precision and control of speech breathing |
| What are examples of running speech activities? | reading aloud, conversational speaking, activities that require relatively continual utterance production |
| What is a difference between extended steady utterances and running speech? | volume, pressure, and shape events with running speech are more varied |
| Why is volume, pressure, and shape events more varied with running speech? | because it is characterized by variations in phonetic content, prosody, and voice quality |
| What is phonetic content? | sounds that differ in voicing and manner of production |
| What is prosody? | utterances that differ in rate, intonation, loudness variation, and linguistic stress |
| What is voice quality? | utterances that differ in breathiness and timbre |
| speech is produced on ___ | expiration |
| relaxation pressure is __ for most running speech production | positive |
| describe alveolar pressure during running speech production | relatively steady |
| describe rib cage and ab wall volume during running speech | generally decreases (rib cage volume decreases at faster rate) |
| sum up what was said about running speech so far | 1. relaxation pressure is mostly positive 2. alvelor pressure is steady 3. rib cage and ab wall volume decreases 4. relaxation and muscle pressure contribute |
| Explain the need for inspiratory muscular pressure with running speech | There is usually not a need for it unless utterance is initiated at a larger than usual lung volum and then inspiratory breaking may be required briefly |
| __ pressure is needed for louder speech and __ for softer speech | more, less |
| Inspiratory phase of running speech is driven by___ | diaphragm |
| What important role does the abdominal wall play in running speech breathing? | it generates most of the expiratory muscular pressure and imposes general background configuration assumed by chest wall through cycle |
| Expiratory phase of running speech is driven by what? | expiratory muscles of rib cage wall & abdominal wall muscle pressures |
| what happens when abdominal wall muscles are impaired? | speech breathing muscles are impaired |
| A good deal of info about volume, pressure, and shape events for running speech is carried where? | the speech acoustic signal |
| __ __ ___ provides clues about volume events | breath group length |
| The longer the breath group, the ___ the volume excursion | longer |
| loudness and alveolar pressure are ___ correlated | positively |
| When chest wall is configured appropriately (larger than relaxed rib cage and smaller ab wall), describe inspirations and loudness changes for linguistic stress | inspirations are short and loudness is quick |
| can speech breathing be adapted when teh circumstances call for change? | yes |
| When might a speaker use adapative control? | when body position changes, when ventilary drive changes like with exercise or elevation change, tight fitting belt restricts chest wall moement, when air temp is very hot or cold |
| What is an ex of adapative control: increasing effective relaxation pressure (by using WHAT?) it is possible to change the usual strategy for breakin | using a device to lower pressure at airway opening |
| another example of adaptive breathing: it's possible to produce speech with a constantly changing __ __ shape | chest wall |
| how can this be accomplished? | moving ab wall in and out repeatedly while sustaining a vowel and maintaining constant loudness |
| what is the adapative control measure that involves the velopharynx? | when a velopharyngeal leak is created experimentally (by talking through nose), a person will expire more air than usual when speaking (maintains adequate levels of oral pressure to achieve suitable consonant production) |
| what is the usual upright body position for runnin speech? | chest wall shape where the rib cage is larger and abdominal is smaller |
| Why does a change in body position alter the mechanical behavior of the breathing apparatus? | because gravity has such a strong influence on this massive structure |
| relaxation pressure is greater at any given lung volume in which body position? | supine |
| What is the resting level of breathing apparatus in supine position vs upright? | around 20% VC for supine and around 40% for upright |
| WITH Upright position, gravity acts in the ___ direction the rib cage wall and ___ direction on the abdominal wall | expiratory, inspiratory |
| in the SUPINE position, ___ direction on botht he rib cage wall and abdominal wall | expiratory |
| for the supine position, the relaxation pressure is ___ and the restin level of the breathing apparatus is ___ than compared to upright | higher; smaller |
| What must happen to achieve the same targeted alveolar pressure in the supine body position | a greater inspiratory effort (a greater negative muscular pressure) must be exereted at large lung volumes & that effort must be continuted toa smaller lung vol that in upright position |
| With supine body position, at SMALL lung volumes, a ____ substansial expiratory effort (lower ___ musccular pressure) is required | less (lower positive) |
| What is the major difference between extended steady utterances produced in the 2 body positions? | inspiratory braking is carried out only by diaphgragm in supine and carried out mostly by inspiratory rib cage muscles in upright position |
| Why is this? | there is no significant hydraulic pull on diaphragm like there is with upright position. without the pull the inspiratory muscles don't conrtibute to lessining alvelor pressure bc they don't have anythin to work against |
| Lung volume events range from about __ to __% VC in supine compared to about __ to __ upright | 40/20 compared to 60/40 |
| Are alveolar pressure for running speech for supine and upright the same? | yes |
| The ___ chest wall shape is used in the supine body position | opposite |
| What is the chest wall shape for supine body position? | ab wall is pushed outward and rib cage wall in smaller relative to their relaxing positions |
| In the supine body position, most running speech is produced by activation of what alone? | rib cage wall expiratory component |
| When would the abdominal component become active for running speech in supine position? | only when loud speech is produced or when speech is produced within the expiratory reserve volume |
| What is the difference of abdominal wall activity in upright vs supine? | upright = critically important role supine = little or no role |
| ___ ___ of the breathing apparatus changes as ___ __ changes | resting level; body position |
| lung volume events for running speech production are determined primarily by the __ __ of the breathing aparatus | resting level |
| relaxation pressure for any given lung volume ___ as the body is tilted from upright toward supine | increases |
| What changes with body position? | 1. resting level of breathing apparatus 2. relaxation pressure 3. chest wall component roles 4. expiratory rib cage muscles almost always participate in running speech production regardless of body position |
| how is the pattern of ventilation different for speaking than resting tidal breathin? | inspirations are quicker and expirations are usually slower |
| studies have shown that speaking causes ___ ventilation | hyperventilation |
| What does it mean that speech causes hyperventilation? | air moves in and out of the pulmonary apparatus at a higher rate & CO2 levels are lower when speaking than when sitting quietly |
| The degree of hyperventilation depends on the ___ of the ___ ___ | nature of the speaking activity |
| hyperventilation is greater during __ speaking than during __ speaking | continuous, intermittent |
| ventilation is reater when the speech sample is heavily loaded with ___consonants | voiceless consonants |
| ventilation is greater during ___ speaking | louder |
| Under what 2 conditions has speech breathin g under high drive been studied? | 1. asking people to speak during exercise 2. alter gas composition of the blood by having people breathe air that has high concentrations of CO2 |
| how are increases in ventilation accomplished? | 1. increasing tidal volume 2. increasing breathing frequency 3. or both |
| The act of speaking tends to ___ the full response to a high drive stimulus | suppress or override (ventilation isn't as much as speaking as it is not speaking under high drive) |
| ___ speech is produced per breath group when speaking under high drive | less |
| what speech breathing behavior is relatively resistant to change under high drive conditions? | coordination of inspirations with the linguistic content of speech |
| Several features of the inspiratory an expiratory phases of speech breathing are influenced by ____ factors, but the general mechanical behavior of the breathing apparatus does not seem to be affected | cognitive linquistic factors |
| List characteristics of speech breathing | 1. produced within midrange of the VC 2. produced @ volumes larger than resting level 3. larger than relaxed rib cage wall & smaller than relaxed ab wall 4. engaging predictable muscular strategies |
| Does conversational speech breathing differ from other forms of speech breathing? | yes bc the behavior of one conversation partner influences behavior of the other |
| there are __ __ that occur during conversation | rythmic patterns |
| What are the 2 types of rhythyms that have been identified in conversation speech breathing? | long term oscillations & short term oscillations |
| ___ influences are more powerful than ___ constraints during conversation | social; psychological |
| Speech breathing produced in the context of conversational interchange is determined by what? | speaker, conversational partner, interaction between the 2 |
| Does body type affect speech breathing? | YES |
| Why? | has to do with optimized speed and efficiency of inspiratory efforts |
| An endomorphic body type (bigger)'s large abdominal mas pulls down on the diphragm and places it at a poor __ __ for generatin __ __ | mechanical advantage; inspiratory force |
| age related increase in breath group size was clearly linked to grown of the __ __ | breathing apparatus |
| What is the most striking feature that makes for speech so different in infants and young children different than adults? | the variablity. Children experiment with different lung volumes, chest wall shapes, and contributions of rib cage wall and ab wall) |
| speech breathing is essentially adult like by __ years of age | 10 |
| does growing old change speech breathing? | yes (more linked to biological age than chronological age) |
| Where can lung volume be measured? | either at airway opening or body surface |
| what devices are used to measure lung volume at airway? | 1. wet spirometer 2. pneumotachometer |
| Describe a wet spirometer | Includes chamber with water and a bell that floats inside the chamber. Volume displaced into and out of the bell causes it to rise and fall respectively. |
| The height of the bell with a wet spirometer is directly proportionate to what? | the volume of air in the spirometer |
| How is volume recorded? | there is a pen fixed to the bell that records on paper attached to a rotating drum (or potentiometer driven by movemen of bell may provide electrical signal to put on the screen) |
| describe a pneuomotachometer | senses airflow through it in both directions, records instananeous air pressure difference across a resistive screen |
| how is the pressure difference sensed ? | by a diferential air pressure transcuder |
| what does the differential air pressure transducer do? | it provides an electrical signal proportional to airflow |
| How is the change in volume measured? | an electronic integratoer is used to integrate (sum) the signal to provide a measure of volume change |
| how are the wet spirometer and pneumotachmeter similar? | volume change signal from airflow integration is the same as that obtained by measuring movement of th ebell of the wet spirometer |
| how is volume measured at body surface? | sensing of movements of the torso and using these as estimates of volume change |
| What are 2 devices that measure volume at body surface? | respiratory magnetometers and respiratory inductance plethysmographs |
| How does a magnetometer work? | pairs of electromagnetic coils are used to sense anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage wall and ab wall |
| With a magnetometer, one only needs to sum the __ signals from the two pairs of electromagnetic coils to obtain a measuremen of lung volume change at the body surface | outpu |
| why do they only need to sum output? | bc rib cage wall and ab wall each displace volume as they move and together they displace a volum eequal to that displaced by the lungs |
| describe respiratory plethysmographs | broad elastic bands with embedded electrical wires sense cross sectional areas o rib cage wall and diameter wall |
| can alveolar pressure be measured directly during speech production? | NO |
| why? speech production is characterized by __ __ and ___ along the ___ and ___ apparatus that preclude access to the alveoli | obstractions and constrictions; larynx & pharyngeal-oral |
| How can alveolar pressure can be estimated? | from oral pressure during the production of a particular type of speech production |
| what device can measure this? | small polytheylene pressure sensing tube |
| how is the small polytheylene pressure sensing tube used? | placed at one corner of the mouth just behind the front teeth so that one of its ends is perpendicular to the flow of air out of the mouth. Other end of tube connected to air transducer |
| What does the air pressure transducer do? | converts pressure into an electric equivalent |
| What is the key to measuring alveolar pressure with a polythelene pressure sensing tube? | capitalize on a period during speech production when oral pressure and alveolar pressure are equal |
| When does this period occur? | during closed phase of voiceless stop production when the oral and velopharngeal valves are sealed and larngeal valve is open |
| only peak oral pressures measured during consonants need to be interconnected. how is this done? | constructing a contour from successive linear interpolations between the peak pressures o adjacent consonants |
| Where is shape measured? | at the body surface |
| shape is measured with the same devices as ___ | lung VOLUME from the torso wall |
| what are these devices? | respiatory magnetometers and respiratory plethysmographs |
| what is the differnce? | instead of being summed electronically to create an estimate of lung volume change, they are displayed against one another with rib cage wall on vertical axis & ab wall horizontal |
| shape of chest wall is revealed ___, with ___ on the diagram specifying the prevailing configurations of the chest wall | directly; points |
| speech breathing disorders can have __ or __ bases | functional or organic bases |
| what does it mean if a speech breathing disorder is functional? | it has no known physical cause |
| what are ex of psychogenic bases that speech breathing disorders? | malingering & conversion reaction |
| what is malingerin? | form of someone pretending to have difficult with breathing as a ploy to win personal injury law suit |
| what is conversion reaction? | an actual feeling of breathing difficulty brought on by fear o expressing negative emotions to family members |
| what does it mean if a speech breathing disorder has an organic cause? | identifiable physical cause |
| organic can involve what? | impairment of chest wall and/or pulmonary apparatus |
| what may disorders of the chest wall include? | developmental or acquired deformities of he skeletal framework (scoliosis) |
| Wha is the most common among chest wall disorders? | impairments caused by injury or disease o the nervous system |
| what is an example of this? | spinal cord injury |
| spinal cord injury may cause what? | paralysis of chest wall muscles |
| what other other examples? | cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| what is cerebral palsy/ | developmental neural disorder that affects muscle control |
| what is amyotophic lateral sclerosis? | motor nerves die with this disease |
| what are diseases of the pulmonary apparatus that are included? | diseases that abstruct the flow of air (asthma, ephysema, an sarcoidosis where lungs become stiff) |
| in some cases, disorders o chest wall or pulmonary apparatus may cause such severe breathing impairment that a ___ is needed to drive speech in a large part | ventilator |
| who are the professionals that have a potential role in he eval and management of a speech breathing disorder | slp, pulmonologist, respiratory therapist, neurologist, physcial therapist, and psychologist |
| who is considered the expert in speech breathing disorders? | the SLP |
| in some cases is the SLP the only one working with client? | yes |
| what is an example of someone who is only seen by SLP? | person with functional misuse disorder who exhibits inappropriate speech breathing behavior with no signs of a physical disorder |
| what are examples of who might be seen by a pulmonologis? | person with pulmonary diease (cystic fibrosis, muscular distrophy, ALWAYS person on ventilator) |
| who has the first and last word when it comes to a person with a speech breathing disorder? | the pulmonologist |
| what does a neurologist have expertise in? | disorders of the nervous system |
| what are examples of people seen by neurologist? | parkinson disease, muliple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy |
| how would an SLP work with a physical therapy? | to determine optimal body positioning for individual wih a speech breathing disorder caused by a neural disease |
| how may a speech breathing disorder manifest itself? | problem of breathing movement, gas exchange, breathing comfort, or any combination of these |
| What is the breathing apparatus? | mechanical pump that includes an energy source and passive components that copule this source o the air it moves |
| the breathing apparatus is ormed around a __ __ | skeleal suprastructure |
| what does the breathing apparatus consist of? | pulmonary apparatus and chest wall (linked together as a unit) |
| what is the pulmonary apparatus? | lungs and pulmonary airways |
| what is the chest wall? | rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm, abdominal content |
| the forces of breathing are __ and ___ | passive and active |
| what do he passive forces arise from? | 1. natural recoil of tissues, 2. surface tension within alveoli, 3. gravity |
| What do the active forces arise from? | muscles of the chest wall |
| where do the movements of breathing occur? | rib cage wall, diaphragm, abdominal wall |
| what are the output variables for breathing? | lung volume, alveolar pressure, chest wall shape |
| the nervous system controls different acts o breathing through a group of higher and lower brain centers that do what? | mediate movement, perception of movement, and feelings about the need to breathe |
| what does ventilaion do? | supports life sustaining function o o2 and co2 exchange |
| ventilation is characterized by what? | patterns relatively individualized across people, influenced by body position |
| speech breathing is achieved through the combining of... | relaxation pressure and muscular pressure |
| the muscular pressure required at any moment depending on the relaxatino pressure available a the prevailing ___ ___ and the targeted ___ ___ of the utterance | lung volume & alveolar pressure |
| driving forces generates speech sounds while at the same time doing what? | serving functions of ventilation and gas exchange |
| why is speech breathing influenced by body position? | bc gravity affects relaxation pressure, the resting level of the breathing apparatus, and the mechanical advantage of the chest wall |
| people ___ during speech breathing | hyperventilate (more air is moved in and out VS tidal breathing) |
| less carbon dioxide is expired with __ | speech breathing |
| when does speech breathing become more difficult? | when the drive to breathe competes with the drive to speake (during exercise or inhaling large amounts of CO2) |
| how do cognitive linguistic facors influence speech breathing? | in ways that determine: 1. when inspirations will occur 2. depth of inspiration 3. how long expiration will be after 4. how often pauses will occur 5. how much speech will be produced/breath group |
| When does age influence speech breathing? | aroun 70 or 80 yrs |
| What are the factors of this believed to be? | 1. laryngeal valving economy and air wastage |
Created by:
jjohns53grad1